Who was Aristotle? Everything You Need to Know

Quick Facts

Died At Age: 62

Family:

Spouse/Ex-: Herpyllis of Stageira, Pythias

father: Nicomachus

children: Pythias the Younger (Daughter); Nicomachus

Born Country: Greece

Philosophers Greek Men

Died on: 322 BC

place of death: Chalcis, Greece

Notable Alumni: Platonic Academy

More Facts

education: Platonic Academy

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What were Aristotle's main contributions to philosophy?

Aristotle made significant contributions to various fields of philosophy, including metaphysics, ethics, politics, and logic. His works on logic laid the foundation for formal logic and the scientific method.
2

What is Aristotle's concept of the Golden Mean?

Aristotle's concept of the Golden Mean suggests that virtue lies in finding a balance between extremes. It encourages individuals to act with moderation and avoid excessive behavior.
3

How did Aristotle influence Western thought?

Aristotle's works have had a profound impact on Western philosophy, influencing thinkers from the Middle Ages to the modern era. His ideas on ethics, politics, and metaphysics have shaped intellectual discourse for centuries.
4

What is Aristotle's theory of causality?

Aristotle's theory of causality posits that there are four types of causes: material, formal, efficient, and final. According to Aristotle, these causes explain how and why things come into being.
5

What is Aristotle's view on the nature of knowledge?

Aristotle believed that knowledge is derived from experience and observation. He emphasized the importance of empirical evidence and logical reasoning in the pursuit of understanding the world.

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Childhood & Early Life

Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira, Chalcidice, which is approximately 55km east of Thessaloniki. His father Nicomachus named him Aristole, which means “the best purpose.” His father served as a personal physician to King Amyntas of Macedon.

Though not much information is available on his childhood, sources throw light on the fact that he spent time in the Macedonian palace from where he connected with the Macedonian monarchy.

Being a physician’s son, he was inspired by his father’s scientific work but didn’t show much interest in medicine.

When he turned 18, he moved to Athens to pursue his education at ‘Plato’s Academy.’ He left Athens somewhere in 348-347 BC, after spending almost 20 years in the city.

The traditional stories say that he left Athens as he was displeased with the Academy’s direction when Plato's nephew Speusippus took over the academy after Plato’s death. However, it is also said that he feared anti-Macedonian sentiments and could have left before the death of Plato.

Thereafter, he moved to the court of his friend Hermias of Atarneus in Asia Minor along with his friend Xenocrates. He then traveled to the island of Lesbos, accompanied by Theophrastus, where they did in-depth analysis of zoology and botany of the island.

In 343 BC, after the death of Hermias, Philip II of Macedon invited him to become the tutor of his son Alexander.

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Career

Aristotle became the head of the royal academy of Macedon. Here, he became a tutor, not only to Alexander but also to two other future kings — Cassander and Ptolemy. In his role as a tutor to Alexander, he encouraged him to conquer east.

In 335 BC, he returned to Athens where he established his own school called ‘Lyceum.’ For the next 12 years, he taught various courses at his school.

There came a time when the relationship between Alexander and Aristotle became estranged. This was probably due to Alexander’s relationship with Persia. Though there is little evidence, many believed that Aristotle played a role in Alexander’s death.

After Alexander’s death, anti-Macedonian sentiment in Athens flared. In 322 BC, Eurymedon the Hierophant castigated him for not holding the gods in honor, and Aristotle fled to Chalcis, his mother’s family estate.

Thoughts & Contributions

Aristotle is believed to have put together his thoughts during 335-323 BC. He wrote a number of dialogues in this period. Unfortunately, only fragments of these pieces have survived and are in the form of treatises. These were not intended for wide publication and were rather meant to be used as lectures to students. ‘Poetics,’ ‘Metaphysics,’ ‘Politics,’ ‘Physics,’ ‘De Anima,’ and ‘Nicomachean Ethics’ are considered to be his most important treatises.

He not only studied almost every subject but also made noteworthy contributions to many of them. Under science, Aristotle studied and wrote on astronomy, anatomy, embryology, geology, geography, meteorology, zoology, and physics. Under philosophy, he wrote on ethics, aesthetics, government, politics, metaphysics, economics, rhetoric, psychology, and theology. In addition to all the above, he also studied literature, poetry, and customs of various countries.

Aristotle studied and wrote on numerous subjects and topics, but unfortunately only one third of his original writings survived. The lost writings include poetry, letters, dialogues, and essays written in Platonic manner. Most of his literary works are known to the world through the writings of Diogenes Laertius and others.

Contributions to Philosophy

Just like his teacher Plato, his philosophy also aims at the universe, but his ontology finds the universal in particular things, thus his epistemology is based on the study of specific phenomena that exists or happens in the world and it rises to the knowledge of essence.

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He also discussed how information can be drawn from objects through deduction and inferences. It was his theory of deduction that was shaped into ‘Syllogism’ by modern philosophers. The pairs of propositions were termed as “Contraries” by him. Syllogism is a logical argument in which the inference of the conclusion is drawn from two or more other premises of a certain form. This was explained by him in his work ‘Prior Analytics’ where he defined the main components of reasoning through exclusive and inclusive relationships. In later years, these were shown through Venn Diagrams.

His philosophy not only provided a system of reasoning but it was also related to ethics. He had described a ‘moral code of conduct’ which he referred to as “good living” in Nichomachean Ethics.

He also talked about Practical Philosophy where he considered ethics to be a part of practical rather than theoretical study. His work titled ‘Politics’ threw light on the city. According to him, city is a natural community. “Man is by nature a political animal” is what he stated.

He has been given credit for being the earliest to study formal logic. The famous philosopher Kant said in his book ‘The Critique of Pure Reason’ that Aristotle’s theory of logic formed the basis of deductive inference.

Contributions to Science

Though he can’t be termed as a scientist by today’s definition, science was one of the spheres he extensively researched and studied, especially during his stay at ‘Lyceum.’ His belief was that interaction with physical objects helps in gaining knowledge.

He also conducted research in biology. He classified animals into species on the basis of blood. Animals with red blood were majorly vertebrates and bloodless animals were termed as ‘cephalopods.’ There was relative inaccuracy in this hypothesis, yet it was regarded as the standard system for many years.

He closely examined marine biology as well. He examined the anatomy of marine beings through dissection. It is interesting to note that unlike his biological classifications, his observations on marine life were quite accurate.

His treatise ‘Meteorology’ provides evidence that he also studied earth sciences. By meteorology, he simply didn’t mean the study of weather but it also included extensive study about water cycle, natural disasters, astrological events, etc.

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Contributions to Psychology

Many scholars consider Aristotle as the true father of psychology, since he is responsible for the theoretical and philosophical framework that contributed to psychology's earliest beginnings.

His book ‘De Anima’ (On the Soul) is considered as the first book on psychology.

He was concerned about the relation between the psychological processes and the underlying physiological phenomenon.

He argued that mind has the power to function without a body, and it is immaterial and immortal.

He postulated that intellect consists of two parts: passive intellect and active intellect.

According to him, music, poetry, comedy, tragedy, etc were imitative. He also said that these imitations were varied by medium, manner, or object. His belief was that imitation was a natural part of humans and served as one of the main advantages of mankind over animals.

Major Works

Aristotle wrote around 200 works and most of them were in the form of notes and drafts. These works comprise of dialogues, records of scientific observations, and systematic works. These works were looked after by his student Theophrastus and then by Neleus.

His major works include ‘Rhetoric’ and ‘Eudemus’ (On the Soul). He also wrote on philosophy, Alexander, Sophistes, justice, wealth, prayer, and education.

‘Poetics,’ ‘Metaphysics,’ ‘Politics,’ ‘Physics,’ ‘De Anima,’ and ‘Nicomachean Ethics’ are considered to be his most important treatises.

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Aristotle’s work on ‘Poetics’ comprised of two books — one was on tragedy and the other on comedy.

Personal Life & Legacy

During his stay in Asia Minor, Aristotle married Pythias who is said to be the niece or adoptive daughter of Hermias. A daughter was born to the couple whom they also named Pythias.

After the death of his wife Pythias, he tied the knot with Herpyllis of Stagira, who bore a son. He named his son after his father Nicomachus.

According to the Suda (a 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world), Aristotle had an erotic relationship with Palaephatus.

He breathed his last in 322 BC in Euboea due to natural causes. Before his death, he named his student Antipater as the chief executor. He also wrote a will in which he desired to be buried next to his wife.

Trivia

More than 2,300 years have passed, yet Aristotle remains as one of the most influential people ever born. His contributions were seen in almost every field of human knowledge that existed during his time. He was also the founder of many new fields.

He was the one who founded formal logic and was also a pioneer in the study of zoology.

Theophrastus, his successor at ‘Lyceum,’ wrote a number of books on botany which were considered the basis of botany till the middle-ages. Few names of the plants mentioned by him survived till modern times. From a modest beginning, ‘Lyceum’ grew into a Peripatetic school. Other notable students from ‘Lyceum’ were Aristoxenus, Dicaearchus, Demetrius of Phalerum, Eudemos of Rhodes, Harpalus, Hephaestion, Mnason of Phocis, and Nicomachus.

His influence on Alexander cannot be ignored. It was because of his influence that Alexander used to carry large groups of botanists, zoologists, and researchers along with him during his expeditions.

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Aristotle also influenced Byzantine scholars, Islamic theologians, and Western Christian theologians, leaving future scientists, philosophers, and thinkers indebted.

He was also a collector of proverbs, riddles, and folklore. His school especially studied riddles of Delphic Oracle and the fables of Aesop.

Top 10 Facts You Did Not Know About Aristotle

He is credited as the first genuine scientist in history by the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica.’

Aristotle was well known among medieval Muslim intellectuals and was revered as "The First Teacher."

Aristotle has been accused of misogyny and sexism by scholars of feminist metaphysics.

It is believed that ‘The Nicomachean Ethics,’ a compilation of Aristotle’s lecture notes, is named after his son who died young in a battle.

He was a geocentrist who believed that the earth is the centre of the universe.

He gave more accurate theories on some optical concepts than other philosophers of his day.

Aristotle distinguished about 500 species of birds, mammals, and fishes. His classification of living things contains some elements which existed in the 19th century.

In his treatise ‘On the Soul,’ he proposed three kinds of souls: the vegetative soul, the sensitive soul, and the rational soul.

Aristotle is considered to be the founder of formal logic.

He mentored several brilliant young minds, many of whom, including Aristoxenus, Dicaearchus, Demetrius of Phalerum, Mnason of Phocis, Nicomachus, and Theophrastus went on to become great thinkers in their own rights.

Aristotle Biography

You wanted to know

What were Aristotle's main contributions to philosophy?

What is Aristotle's concept of the Golden Mean?

How did Aristotle influence Western thought?

What is Aristotle's theory of causality?

What is Aristotle's view on the nature of knowledge?