Famous American Biochemists

Har Gobind Khorana was an Indian-American biochemist known for his groundbreaking research on nucleic acids. While at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, he shared the 1968 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for determining the order of nucleotides in nucleic acids. He also received the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in the same year. Khorana served on the faculties of three universities in North America and became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1966. He further received the National Medal of Science in 1987.

Peggy Whitson is an accomplished biochemistry researcher, astronaut, and former Chief Astronaut at NASA. With a total of 665 days spent in space, she holds the record for the most time in space by an American or woman. Throughout her career, she has achieved significant milestones, such as becoming the first woman to command the International Space Station and serving as NASA's Chief Astronaut. Whitson also holds records for the most spacewalks by a woman and the oldest woman in space. She continues to contribute to space exploration as a consultant for Axiom Space and commander of various missions.

Jennifer Doudna is an accomplished American biochemist known for her groundbreaking work in CRISPR gene editing and contributions to biochemistry and genetics. She was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing a method for genome editing alongside Emmanuelle Charpentier. Doudna holds prestigious positions at the University of California, Berkeley, and is affiliated with multiple scientific institutes. She co-founded the Innovative Genomics Institute and has received numerous awards for her research, including the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences and the Japan Prize. Doudna continues to be a prominent figure in the field of CRISPR-mediated genome editing.

Linus Carl Pauling was an accomplished American chemist, biochemist, and educator who made significant contributions to the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology. Known for his work on the chemical bond, he developed concepts such as orbital hybridization and electronegativities of elements. His research on biological molecules, particularly the alpha helix and beta sheet structures in proteins, influenced groundbreaking discoveries in DNA structure. Pauling's advocacy for nuclear disarmament and unconventional medical approaches, like megavitamin therapy, showcased his multidisciplinary approach to science and activism.

Erwin Chargaff was a prominent biochemist known for his groundbreaking work in genetics and biochemistry. He made significant contributions to the understanding of DNA composition, particularly through his discovery of the base pair rule which laid the foundation for Watson and Crick's model of DNA structure. Chargaff conducted extensive research on the chemical composition of DNA, publishing numerous influential papers and books. As a professor at Columbia University medical school, he inspired and mentored countless students, leaving a lasting impact on the field of molecular biology.

Gerty Theresa Cori was a pioneering biochemist known for her groundbreaking research on carbohydrate metabolism. Despite facing challenges in securing research positions due to gender biases, she collaborated with her husband Carl Ferdinand Cori in studying the breakdown and synthesis of glycogen in muscle tissue, leading to the discovery of the Cori cycle and the Cori ester. Their work earned them the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947, making Gerty the first woman to receive this prestigious award in the field of science.

Kary Banks Mullis was an American biochemist known for co-inventing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, a groundbreaking method in biochemistry and molecular biology. His work in this field led to him being awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993 and the Japan Prize in the same year. Despite his significant contributions to science, Mullis also gained attention for expressing controversial views on climate change, the relationship between HIV and AIDS, as well as his beliefs in astrology and the paranormal.

Gertrude B. Elion was an accomplished American biochemist and pharmacologist known for her groundbreaking work in drug development. She, along with her colleagues, revolutionized drug design by focusing on understanding the target of the drug rather than relying on trial-and-error methods. Her contributions led to the creation of significant medications such as AZT for AIDS, azathioprine for organ transplant rejections, and acyclovir for herpes infections. Elion's innovative approach to rational drug design earned her the prestigious Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988.

Marie Maynard Daly was a pioneering American biochemist who achieved several significant milestones in her field. She made groundbreaking contributions in areas such as the chemistry of histones, protein synthesis, the correlation between cholesterol and hypertension, and the uptake of creatine by muscle cells. Daly's accomplishments include being the first African-American to earn a Ph.D. from Columbia University and the first African-American woman in the United States to obtain a Ph.D. in chemistry. Her work has left a lasting impact on the fields of biochemistry and physiology.

Roger Y. Tsien was an American biochemist known for his groundbreaking work in chemistry and biochemistry. He was a distinguished professor at the University of California, San Diego, where he made significant contributions to the field of fluorescence imaging. Tsien was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008 for his pivotal role in the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, alongside collaborators Osamu Shimomura and Martin Chalfie. He was also recognized as a pioneer in the field of calcium imaging, further solidifying his legacy in scientific research.

Eric Kandel is an Austrian-born American medical doctor specializing in psychiatry, a renowned neuroscientist, and a distinguished professor of biochemistry and biophysics at Columbia University. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000 for his groundbreaking research on the physiological mechanisms underlying memory storage in neurons. Kandel is a Senior Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the founding director of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior at Columbia University. He is a prominent figure in the field of neuroscience and has authored award-winning books on the subject.

Selman Waksman was a prominent biochemist and microbiologist known for his groundbreaking research on soil organisms and the discovery of streptomycin and several other antibiotics. He served as a professor at Rutgers University for four decades and introduced innovative procedures that contributed to the development of numerous antibiotics. His work led to the establishment of the Waksman Institute of Microbiology and earned him a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1952. Waksman's contributions continue to be recognized, with his lab isolating over 15 antibiotics, including streptomycin, a crucial treatment for tuberculosis.

Paul Berg was an American biochemist and professor known for his groundbreaking research in nucleic acids, particularly in the field of recombinant DNA. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980 alongside Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger for their significant contributions to this area of study. Berg's academic journey included studying biochemistry at Penn State University, earning a PhD from Case Western Reserve University, and holding positions at Washington University School of Medicine and Stanford University School of Medicine. Throughout his career, he received prestigious accolades such as the National Medal of Science and the National Library of Medicine Medal.

Melvin Calvin was a prominent American biochemist renowned for his discovery of the Calvin cycle, a critical process in photosynthesis. He, along with colleagues Andrew Benson and James Bassham, received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1961 for this groundbreaking work. Calvin devoted much of his illustrious five-decade career to scientific research and teaching at the University of California, Berkeley. His contributions to the field of biochemistry and his dedication to advancing scientific knowledge have left a lasting impact on the scientific community.

Shannon Lucid is an accomplished American biochemist and retired NASA astronaut. She made significant contributions to space exploration, flying in space five times and holding records for the longest duration spent in space by an American and by a woman. Lucid graduated from the University of Oklahoma with bachelor's, master's, and PhD degrees in biochemistry. She joined NASA in 1978 as part of the first astronaut class to include women and served in various roles, including Chief Scientist and CAPCOM. Lucid retired from NASA in 2012 after a distinguished career.

Arthur Kornberg was an American biochemist renowned for his groundbreaking work in enzyme chemistry and the synthesis of nucleic acids. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959 for his discovery of the mechanisms involved in the biological synthesis of RNA and DNA. Throughout his distinguished career, Kornberg focused on DNA replication and the study of nucleic acids responsible for heredity in various organisms. His contributions to biochemistry and genetics earned him prestigious awards, including the National Medal of Science and the Gairdner Foundation Award.

Stanley B. Prusiner is an esteemed American neurologist and biochemist renowned for his groundbreaking discovery of prions, a unique class of infectious pathogens primarily composed of protein. Serving as the director of the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases at the University of California, San Francisco, Prusiner's scientific theory on prions was initially met with skepticism but ultimately earned him prestigious accolades including the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1994 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1997.

Marshall Warren Nirenberg was an accomplished American biochemist and geneticist known for his groundbreaking work in understanding the genetic code and its role in protein synthesis. In 1968, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Har Gobind Khorana and Robert W. Holley for this significant contribution to science. Additionally, Nirenberg received the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in the same year, further highlighting his exceptional achievements in the field of genetics and biochemistry.

Charles Herbert Best was an American-Canadian medical scientist known for co-discovering insulin with Frederick Banting. He held the position of chair at the Banting and Best Department of Medical Research at the University of Toronto. Best made significant contributions to research on choline and heparin. His work in the field of medicine and scientific research has had a lasting impact on the treatment of diabetes and other related conditions. Best's legacy continues to inspire advancements in the field of medical science.

Duane Tolbert Gish was an American biochemist known for his role in the creationist movement. As a former vice-president of the Institute for Creation Research, he authored numerous publications on creation science. Gish gained recognition for his confrontational debating style, often engaging in debates with evolutionary biologists on university campuses. Referred to as "creationism's T. H. Huxley," Gish was admired for his engaging presentation and ability to connect with audiences, which contributed to his influence within the creationist community.

Walter Gilbert is an American biochemist, physicist, and molecular biology pioneer known for his groundbreaking contributions to the field. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1980 for his work on determining the base sequences in nucleic acids. Gilbert co-founded Biogen, a biotechnology company, and has been a leading figure in the development of gene sequencing techniques. His research has significantly advanced the understanding of genetics and molecular biology, making him a highly respected figure in the scientific community.

Robert Lefkowitz is a renowned American physician, biochemist, and researcher known for his groundbreaking discoveries in the field of G protein-coupled receptors. He received the 2012 Nobel Prize for Chemistry alongside Brian Kobilka for their significant contributions to this area. Lefkowitz serves as an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and holds prestigious academic positions as a James B. Duke Professor of Medicine and Professor of Biochemistry and Chemistry at Duke University. His work has made a lasting impact on the understanding of cellular signaling mechanisms.

Carol W. Greider is an American molecular biologist and Nobel laureate known for her groundbreaking research on telomeres and telomerase. She discovered the enzyme telomerase in 1984 while studying under Elizabeth Blackburn at the University of California, Berkeley. Greider's work has significantly advanced our understanding of the structure and function of telomeres, the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes. In 2009, she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for her contributions to the field, alongside Blackburn and Jack W. Szostak. Greider currently serves as a Distinguished Professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

Joseph Leonard Goldstein is an American biochemist renowned for his groundbreaking research on cholesterol. Alongside Michael Brown, he was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of LDL receptors in human cells. Their work revealed the link between LDL receptors and cholesterol levels in the blood, highlighting the risk of hypercholesterolemia and related diseases. This pivotal research paved the way for the development of statin drugs, revolutionizing the treatment and prevention of coronary heart disease.

Rashad Khalifa was an Egyptian-American biochemist known for his association with the United Submitters International (USI), advocating Quranism. He aimed to purify Islam by rejecting hadith and sunnah, believing them to be corrupted. Khalifa emphasized Quran as the sole basis for Islamic beliefs and practices, dismissing human-influenced texts like the Bible. He promoted the concept of a Quran code, specifically The Number 19. Khalifa's evolving beliefs, including declaring himself a divine messenger, faced opposition within the Muslim community, culminating in his tragic death in 1990.

Christian Anfinsen was an American biochemist known for his groundbreaking work on ribonuclease. He shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Stanford Moore and William Howard Stein for their research on the relationship between amino acid sequences and biologically active conformations. Anfinsen's contributions to the field led to the development of Anfinsen's dogma, which highlighted the importance of protein folding in determining biological function. His work revolutionized our understanding of protein structure and function, leaving a lasting impact on the field of biochemistry.

Alexander Theodore "Sasha" Shulgin was a renowned American chemist and pharmacologist known for his groundbreaking work in psychedelic research. He introduced MDMA to psychologists in the late 1970s and discovered, synthesized, and personally tested over 230 psychoactive compounds. Shulgin, along with his wife, compiled the influential books PiHKAL and TiHKAL, detailing their experiences with these substances. His discoveries, including compounds like 2C-B and DOM, have had a lasting impact on the field. Shulgin is widely regarded as the "godfather of psychedelics" for his significant contributions.

Paul D. Boyer was an accomplished American biochemist and analytical chemist who served as a professor of chemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with John E. Walker for their groundbreaking research on the enzymatic mechanism involved in the biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), specifically ATP synthase. Boyer's contributions to the field of biochemistry and his pioneering work in understanding ATP synthesis have left a lasting impact on scientific research and earned him international recognition.

Thomas Christian Südhof is a German-American biochemist known for his groundbreaking research on synaptic transmission. He currently holds a professorship at Stanford University in the school of medicine, specializing in molecular and cellular physiology, neurology, and psychiatry and behavioral sciences. Alongside James Rothman and Randy Schekman, Südhof was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on vesicle trafficking. However, recent controversies have arisen, including the retraction of a research paper from his lab and the flagging of multiple papers for potential data falsification.

Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene was a Russian-born American biochemist known for his groundbreaking research on the structure and function of nucleic acids. He identified the components of DNA, including adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. Levene proposed the tetranucleotide hypothesis, suggesting DNA was made up of equal amounts of four nucleotides. Despite his initial misconceptions about DNA's structure, his work laid the foundation for further discoveries in genetics. Levene published over 700 papers on biochemical structures and was a respected member of the scientific community.

Stanley Cohen was an American biochemist known for his groundbreaking work in the field of neuroscience. Alongside Rita Levi-Montalcini, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986 for his research on nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor. Cohen's contributions to the discovery and isolation of these crucial proteins revolutionized our understanding of cell growth and differentiation. His work has had a lasting impact on the fields of biochemistry and medicine, solidifying his legacy as a pioneering figure in scientific research.

Wendell Meredith Stanley was an accomplished American biochemist and virologist who made significant contributions to science. He is best known for his groundbreaking research on the purification and crystallization of viruses, particularly the tobacco mosaic virus. Stanley's work in this area led to the discovery that viruses are composed of nucleic acids and proteins. For his pioneering efforts, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946. Stanley's work laid the foundation for further advancements in virology and biochemistry.

Carl Ferdinand Cori was a prominent Czech-American biochemist and pharmacologist known for his groundbreaking discoveries in carbohydrate metabolism. Alongside his wife Gerty Cori and physiologist Bernardo Houssay, he received the Nobel Prize in 1947 for elucidating the process of glycogen breakdown and resynthesis in the body. Their work revolutionized the understanding of how glucose is utilized as a vital energy source. The Coris were later honored as a National Historic Chemical Landmark in 2004 for their significant contributions to the field.

Alfred G. Gilman was an accomplished American pharmacologist and biochemist who made significant contributions to the field of cell signaling. He shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of G-proteins and their role in signal transduction. Throughout his career, Gilman held various academic and research positions, including at the University of Virginia School of Medicine and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. He also founded Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and made notable contributions to the scientific community through his research and leadership roles.

Edwin G. Krebs was an accomplished American biochemist known for his groundbreaking research on reversible phosphorylation. Alongside his collaborator Edmond H. Fischer, Krebs was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for their discovery of how phosphorylation functions as a switch to activate proteins and regulate cellular processes. Throughout his career, Krebs received prestigious accolades such as the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research and the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize, solidifying his reputation as a pioneering figure in biochemistry.

Bruce Michael Alberts is a prominent American biochemist known for his research on protein complexes involved in chromosome replication. He is the Emeritus Chancellor’s Leadership Chair in Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco. Alberts is recognized for his influential textbook "Molecular Biology of the Cell" and his role as Editor-in-Chief of Science magazine. He received the National Medal of Science for his contributions to DNA replication and dedication to science education. Alberts served as the president of the National Academy of Sciences and as a United States Science Envoy to Pakistan and Indonesia. He advocates for evidence-based science education and public policy.

Robert F. Furchgott was an esteemed American biochemist known for his groundbreaking research on nitric oxide. His work led to the discovery of nitric oxide as a key signaling molecule in mammalian systems, revolutionizing our understanding of cardiovascular physiology. Furchgott's contributions paved the way for advancements in treating cardiovascular diseases and earned him a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1998 alongside other notable scientists. His legacy continues to inspire further research in the field of nitric oxide signaling and its implications for human health.

Bruce Nathan Ames is an American biochemist known for his significant contributions to the fields of mutagenesis and DNA repair. As a professor of biochemistry and Molecular Biology Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, and a senior scientist at Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), he is renowned for inventing the Ames test. This test, widely used in toxicology, revolutionized the evaluation of mutagenicity of compounds, aiding in the identification of various environmental and industrial carcinogens.

James Batcheller Sumner was an American biochemist renowned for his groundbreaking discoveries in enzymology. His research demonstrated that enzymes, previously thought to be colloidal substances, could be isolated and crystallized. This work led to the crucial identification of enzymes as proteins, challenging existing scientific beliefs. Sumner's contributions transformed the understanding of biochemistry and earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946, shared with John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley. His pioneering work continues to influence the field of enzymology to this day.

James Edward Rothman is an accomplished American biochemist known for his groundbreaking work in vesicle trafficking. He holds prestigious positions at Yale University, including the Fergus F. Wallace Professor of Biomedical Sciences and Chairman of the Department of Cell Biology at Yale School of Medicine. Rothman is also the Director of the Nanobiology Institute at the Yale West Campus. In addition to his roles at Yale, he serves as an adjunct professor at Columbia University and a research professor at the UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology. Rothman has received numerous accolades for his contributions to the field, including the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Vincent du Vigneaud was an American biochemist renowned for his groundbreaking work on biochemically significant sulphur compounds. His most notable achievement was the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone, oxytocin, which earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1955. Throughout his professional life, du Vigneaud made significant contributions to the field of biochemistry, particularly in peptide synthesis and hormone research. His innovative work paved the way for advancements in understanding the role of sulphur compounds and peptides in biological processes.

David Julius is an American physiologist known for his groundbreaking research on the molecular mechanisms of pain sensation and heat. His work includes the discovery and characterization of the TRPV1 and TRPM8 receptors, which play a crucial role in detecting capsaicin, menthol, and temperature. Currently serving as a professor at the University of California, San Francisco, Julius has received numerous prestigious awards for his contributions to the field, such as the Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine, the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, The Kavli Prize, and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Paul L. Modrich is an American biochemist and James B. Duke Professor of Biochemistry at Duke University. He is also an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Modrich is renowned for his groundbreaking research in the field of DNA mismatch repair. In recognition of his significant contributions to science, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2015, sharing the honor with Aziz Sancar and Tomas Lindahl. His work has had a profound impact on our understanding of DNA repair mechanisms.

Martin Rodbell was an American biochemist and molecular endocrinologist known for his groundbreaking discovery of G-proteins. His research focused on understanding signal transduction in cells, particularly the role of G-proteins. Rodbell's work revolutionized the field of molecular biology and paved the way for advancements in cell communication and signaling pathways. His contributions were recognized with the prestigious Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1994, which he shared with Alfred G. Gilman for their joint discovery of G-proteins.

Edmond Henri Fischer was a distinguished Swiss-American biochemist renowned for his groundbreaking work in elucidating the mechanism of reversible phosphorylation as a pivotal switch in activating proteins and regulating essential cellular functions. Alongside his collaborator Edwin G. Krebs, Fischer was honored with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for this pioneering discovery. Beyond his scientific achievements, Fischer served as the Honorary President of the World Cultural Council from 2007 to 2014, further solidifying his legacy as a respected figure in the scientific community.

Konrad Emil Bloch was a prominent German-American biochemist known for his groundbreaking work in the field of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1964, jointly with Feodor Lynen, for their discoveries regarding the mechanism and regulation of these metabolic processes. Throughout his professional life, Bloch made significant contributions to our understanding of how the body processes and regulates cholesterol and fatty acids, paving the way for advancements in medical research and treatment of related conditions.

Edward Calvin Kendall was an American biochemist known for his groundbreaking research on hormones. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1950 for his work on the hormones of the adrenal glands. Kendall also isolated thyroxine from the thyroid gland and contributed to the crystallization and identification of glutathione. He worked at the Mayo Foundation and later joined the faculty at Princeton University. Kendall Elementary School in Norwalk is named in his honor.

Roger David Kornberg is an esteemed American biochemist and professor of structural biology at Stanford University School of Medicine. He gained international recognition when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 for his groundbreaking studies on the mechanism of genetic information transfer from DNA to RNA, specifically focusing on eukaryotic transcription. Kornberg's research has significantly advanced our understanding of molecular biology and has had a lasting impact on the field of biochemistry.

Robert W. Holley was an American biochemist known for his groundbreaking work on RNA. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 for describing the structure of alanine transfer RNA, a key discovery linking DNA and protein synthesis. Holley conducted his research at Cornell University, where he served as a professor of biochemistry. His team's method for determining RNA structure revolutionized the field, leading to further discoveries in nucleotide sequencing. Holley later joined the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, continuing his impactful scientific contributions.

Daniel E. Koshland Jr. was an accomplished American biochemist known for reorganizing the study of biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He served as the editor of the prestigious U.S. science journal, Science, from 1985 to 1995. Koshland was a respected member of various prestigious scientific organizations, including the United States National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. His professional contributions and leadership in the field of biochemistry left a lasting impact on the scientific community.

Florence B. Seibert was an American biochemist renowned for her groundbreaking work in identifying the active agent in tuberculin as a protein and isolating a pure form known as purified protein derivative (PPD). This paved the way for the development of a reliable TB test. Her contributions led to significant advancements in the field of medicine and public health. Seibert's achievements were honored with inductions into prestigious halls of fame, recognizing her significant impact on the scientific community and society as a whole.

Fritz Albert Lipmann was a distinguished German-American biochemist known for his groundbreaking work in coenzyme A research. His co-discovery of coenzyme A in 1945, along with other significant contributions to the understanding of its functions, led to his recognition with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953, which he shared with Hans Adolf Krebs. Lipmann's professional life was marked by a profound impact on biochemistry, particularly in the field of enzymology, and his research continues to influence scientific advancements to this day.

Lawrence Joseph Henderson was a prominent American figure in the fields of physiology, chemistry, biology, philosophy, and sociology. He emerged as a key biochemist during the early 20th century. Henderson's significant contributions included the development of the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, a fundamental tool in calculating pH levels to assess acidity. His work greatly influenced the scientific community and continues to be a cornerstone in the understanding of chemical equilibrium and acid-base balance. Henderson's legacy as a versatile and innovative thinker remains a cornerstone in the history of science.

Edward Adelbert Doisy was an American biochemist known for his groundbreaking work in discovering vitamin K and its chemical structure, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1943. He held various academic positions at institutions such as the University of Illinois and Washington University in St. Louis. He later became a professor and chairman of the Department of Biochemistry at Saint Louis University. Doisy also made significant contributions to the field of biochemistry by competing in the discovery of estrone with Adolf Butenandt.

Thomas Arthur Steitz was an American biochemist and Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale University. He was also an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Best known for his pioneering work on the ribosome, Steitz was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his studies on the structure and function of the ribosome. He also received the Gairdner International Award in 2007 for his research on the ribosome's structure and function, particularly focusing on the mechanism of inhibition by antibiotics.

John Jacob Abel was a prominent American biochemist and pharmacologist known for establishing the pharmacology department at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1893. He was America's first full-time professor of pharmacology and made significant contributions to medical advancements, particularly in hormone extraction. Abel also founded important scientific journals like the Journal of Biological Chemistry and the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. His work and leadership in the field of pharmacology have left a lasting impact on the scientific community.

Stanford Moore was an accomplished American biochemist known for his groundbreaking work at Rockefeller University. His research on the structure of the enzyme ribonuclease, alongside Christian B. Anfinsen and William Howard Stein, earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1972. Moore's contributions to understanding the relationship between chemical structure and catalytic activity were significant. He developed the first automated amino acid analyzer with Stein in 1958, revolutionizing the field by enabling the determination of protein sequences. Moore's career at Rockefeller University spanned decades, solidifying his legacy as a respected Professor of Biochemistry.

Mildred Cohn was an American biochemist known for her groundbreaking work in studying chemical reactions within animal cells. She was a pioneer in utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance to investigate enzyme reactions, especially those involving adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cohn's contributions to the field of biochemistry were recognized with prestigious accolades, including the National Medal of Science in 1982. Her achievements led to her induction into the National Women's Hall of Fame, solidifying her status as a trailblazer in scientific research and discovery.

Arieh Warshel is an Israeli-American biochemist and biophysicist known for his pioneering work in computational studies of biological molecules. He currently serves as a Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Southern California, holding the Dana and David Dornsife Chair in Chemistry. In 2013, Warshel was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry alongside Michael Levitt and Martin Karplus for their development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems. His research has significantly advanced the understanding of the functional properties of biological molecules.

Max Henius was a prominent Danish-American biochemist known for his expertise in fermentation processes. He co-founded the American Academy of Brewing in Chicago, showcasing his dedication to advancing the field of brewing and fermentation. Henius made significant contributions to the scientific understanding of brewing techniques and the biochemical processes involved in fermentation. His professional life was marked by a commitment to research, education, and innovation in the realm of biochemistry, leaving a lasting impact on the brewing industry.

Karl August Folkers was an American biochemist known for his significant contributions to the isolation and identification of bioactive natural products. He graduated from the University of Illinois and spent much of his career at Merck, where he played a key role in isolating vitamin B12 and antibiotics like cathomycin and cycloserine. Later, he became the director of the Institute of Biomedical Research at the University of Texas at Austin. Throughout his career, he received several prestigious awards for his scientific achievements, including the Perkin Medal, Nichols Medal, Priestley Medal, and National Medal of Science.

David S. McKay was a prominent figure in astrobiology, serving as the chief scientist for astrobiology at the Johnson Space Center. He played a significant role during the Apollo program by providing geology training to the astronauts who walked on the Moon. McKay is best known for being the first author of a groundbreaking scientific paper proposing the existence of past life on Mars based on evidence from the Martian meteorite ALH 84001, found in Antarctica. His work has had a lasting impact on planetary science and led to the establishment of the NASA Astrobiology Institute.

Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat was a prominent biochemist known for his groundbreaking research on viruses. His work centered on the molecular structure and function of viruses, pioneering the field of virology. He made significant contributions to understanding viral replication and infection mechanisms, shedding light on how viruses interact with host cells. Fraenkel-Conrat's research laid the foundation for advancements in antiviral therapies and vaccine development. His legacy in the scientific community continues to inspire further exploration into the complex world of virology.

Robert Bruce Merrifield was an accomplished American biochemist known for his groundbreaking work in peptide synthesis. His most significant contribution was the invention of solid-phase peptide synthesis, a technique that revolutionized the field of biochemistry. This innovative method allowed for the efficient and automated production of peptides, leading to advancements in drug development, protein research, and molecular biology. Merrifield's pioneering work earned him the prestigious Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1984, solidifying his legacy as a trailblazing scientist in the field.

Lafayette Mendel was a prominent American biochemist recognized for his significant contributions to the field of nutrition. He collaborated closely with Thomas B. Osborne on research projects focusing on essential nutrients such as Vitamin A, Vitamin B, lysine, and tryptophan. Mendel's work played a crucial role in advancing our understanding of the importance of these nutrients for human health. His research laid the foundation for further studies in the field of nutrition and has had a lasting impact on the scientific community.

Paul M. Doty was an esteemed American biochemist who held the prestigious Mallinckrodt Professor of Biochemistry position at Harvard University. Known for his groundbreaking scientific research, Doty specialized in characterizing biopolymers such as DNA, collagen, and proteins through innovative optical techniques like light scattering and circular dichroism. Notably, he contributed to the Manhattan Project by working on uranium isolation during World War II. Later in his career, Doty remained actively involved in advocating for nuclear disarmament and peace initiatives, showcasing his commitment to scientific advancement and global well-being.

Rudolf Schoenheimer was a pioneering German-American biochemist known for developing isotope labelling techniques to study metabolism. He graduated in medicine and furthered his studies in organic chemistry and biochemistry. Schoenheimer held positions at various universities, including Head of Physiological Chemistry at the University of Freiburg. He emigrated to the United States in 1933 and joined Columbia University. Collaborating with notable scientists, he used stable isotopes to study metabolism and identified cholesterol as a risk factor in atherosclerosis. Schoenheimer's career was marked by significant contributions to the field of biochemistry.

William Howard Stein was an accomplished American biochemist known for his groundbreaking work in determining the ribonuclease sequence and understanding its structure's impact on catalytic activity. His contributions led to a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1972. Stein was instrumental in developing the automatic amino acid analyzer, a pivotal advancement in chromatography technology. This innovation facilitated the evolution of modern chromatography methods like liquid chromatography and gas chromatography, revolutionizing the field and paving the way for further scientific discoveries.

John Woodland "Woody" Hastings was a renowned leader in photobiology and circadian biology, known for his pioneering research in bioluminescence. As the Paul C. Mangelsdorf Professor of Natural Sciences at Harvard University, he published over 400 papers and co-edited three books. Hastings focused on bacterial luminescence, dinoflagellates, and various organisms, unveiling insights into quorum sensing in bacteria, circadian clock regulation, and energy transfer in green fluorescent proteins. His work significantly advanced the understanding of light production mechanisms across a wide range of species.

Edwin Joseph Cohn was a pioneering protein scientist known for his work in the physical chemistry of proteins. He graduated from Phillips Academy and the University of Chicago, where he earned his PhD. Cohn's most significant contribution was leading the blood fractionation project during World War II, which resulted in the development of life-saving blood plasma products. His research and advancements in this field have had a lasting impact on the medical community and have saved thousands of lives.

Irwin D. Mandel was an American biochemist and dentist renowned for his research on the biochemistry of saliva. He was a pioneer in the field of preventive dentistry, founding the first department of preventive dentistry at an American university, the Columbia University College of Dental Medicine. Mandel's contributions to dental research were widely recognized, culminating in him becoming the inaugural recipient of the Gold Medal for Excellence in Dental Research by the American Dental Association in 1985.

Hans Kornberg was a distinguished British-American biochemist known for his contributions to the field. He held the prestigious position of Sir William Dunn Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge for two decades, from 1975 to 1995. In addition to his academic role, he also served as Master of Christ's College, Cambridge for 13 years. Throughout his professional life, Kornberg made significant advancements in biochemistry, leaving a lasting impact on the scientific community through his research and leadership.

John Howard Northrop was an eminent American biochemist known for his groundbreaking work in the field of enzymology. Alongside James Batcheller Sumner and Wendell Meredith Stanley, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946 for their pioneering efforts in isolating, crystallizing, and studying enzymes, proteins, and viruses. Northrop held the position of Professor of Bacteriology and Medical Physics, Emeritus, at the University of California, Berkeley. His contributions significantly advanced our understanding of biochemistry and have had a lasting impact on the field.

Maurice M. Rapport was a prominent biochemist renowned for his groundbreaking work with the neurotransmitter serotonin. Alongside colleagues Page and Green, Rapport played a pivotal role in isolating and naming the chemical. He further distinguished himself by identifying the structure of serotonin and publishing his findings in 1948. Beyond his contributions to serotonin research, Rapport delved into important studies on cancer, cardiovascular disease, connective-tissue disease, and demyelinating diseases, showcasing his broad expertise and significant impact on various fields of biochemistry.

Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. was an American pharmacologist and biochemist known for his groundbreaking work on the mechanisms of hormone action, particularly epinephrine, through second messengers like cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). His research revolutionized the understanding of cellular signaling pathways and led to the development of new insights into hormone regulation. Sutherland's contributions were recognized with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971, cementing his legacy as a pioneer in the field of endocrinology and biochemistry.