Famous American Chemists

George Washington Carver was an American agricultural scientist and inventor known for promoting alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion. While a professor at Tuskegee Institute, he developed techniques to improve depleted soils and encouraged farmers to grow crops like peanuts and sweet potatoes for food and to combat soil depletion. He published practical bulletins for farmers, advocated for environmentalism, and received honors for his work, earning recognition in both the black and white communities for his achievements.

Linus Carl Pauling was an accomplished American chemist, biochemist, and peace activist known for his groundbreaking contributions to science. He published over 1,200 papers and books, with a focus on scientific topics. Notably, he was awarded Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Peace for his significant scientific work and activism. Pauling was instrumental in founding quantum chemistry and molecular biology, pioneering concepts like orbital hybridization. His research on biological molecules, particularly the structure of DNA, influenced key figures in genetics. Later in his career, he advocated for nuclear disarmament and alternative medicine practices.

Percy Lavon Julian was an American research chemist known for his pioneering work in synthesizing medicinal drugs from plants. He was the first to synthesize physostigmine and played a key role in industrial large-scale synthesis of hormones like progesterone and testosterone from plant sterols. His efforts laid the groundwork for the steroid drug industry, leading to the production of cortisone and birth control pills. Julian also founded his own company to produce steroid intermediates, making these drugs more accessible and affordable. He received numerous patents and made significant contributions to the field of chemistry.

Stephanie Louise Kwolek was an American chemist renowned for her groundbreaking invention of Kevlar during her more than 40-year career at DuPont. She discovered the first in a series of high-strength synthetic fibers, poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide. Kwolek's significant contributions earned her prestigious accolades such as the DuPont company's Lavoisier Medal and induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. She received recognition for her work in polymer chemistry, including awards such as the National Medal of Technology, the IRI Achievement Award, and the Perkin Medal.

Charles Goodyear was an American self-taught chemist and manufacturing engineer known for developing vulcanized rubber. He received a patent for this invention in 1844. His discovery revolutionized the manufacturing of pliable, waterproof, and moldable rubber, leading to its widespread adoption in various applications such as footwear and tires. Goodyear's vulcanization process was the result of years of experimentation and research, ultimately transforming the rubber industry and laying the foundation for successful rubber manufacturing in Connecticut. The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company pays homage to his groundbreaking work.

Leo Hendrik Baekeland was a Belgian chemist who made significant contributions to the field of chemistry while spending most of his career in the United States. He is renowned for inventing Velox photographic paper in 1893, and Bakelite in 1907. Widely recognized as "The Father of the Plastics Industry," Baekeland's invention of Bakelite revolutionized the plastics industry by introducing an affordable, non-flammable, and versatile plastic material. His work marked the beginning of the modern plastics industry and cemented his legacy as a pioneering figure in the field.

Glenn T. Seaborg was an influential American chemist known for his work in synthesizing and investigating ten transuranium elements, leading to the development of the actinide concept. He served as a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and was the university's second chancellor. Seaborg advised ten US presidents on nuclear policy, chaired the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and advocated for arms control. He discovered numerous isotopes and made significant contributions to nuclear medicine and the chemistry of plutonium.

Josiah Willard Gibbs was an American scientist known for his significant theoretical contributions to physics, chemistry, and mathematics. He played a key role in transforming physical chemistry into a rigorous deductive science through his work on thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Gibbs also made advancements in mathematical physics, including creating modern vector calculus. He was a professor at Yale University and gained international recognition for his pioneering work, with Albert Einstein referring to him as "the greatest mind in American history." Gibbs received prestigious awards for his contributions to mathematical physics.

Irving Langmuir was a renowned American chemist, physicist, and engineer who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1932 for his groundbreaking work in surface chemistry. Known for his significant contributions to atomic structure theory, Langmuir's research on the arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules laid the foundation for modern understanding. During his tenure at General Electric, he pioneered advancements in physics and chemistry, inventing the gas-filled incandescent lamp and the hydrogen welding technique. Langmuir's legacy is honored through the Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research and the journal Langmuir.

Wallace Hume Carothers was an American chemist renowned for his leadership in organic chemistry at DuPont. He is most notably recognized for inventing nylon, a groundbreaking synthetic polymer. Carothers conducted his pioneering research at the DuPont Experimental Station laboratory, contributing significantly to the development of nylon and neoprene. His expertise and accomplishments in fundamental research led to his appointment as a group leader at DuPont. Despite his tragic end, Carothers left a lasting legacy in the field of polymer chemistry.

Gertrude B. Elion was an accomplished American biochemist and pharmacologist known for her groundbreaking work in rational drug design. Alongside her colleagues, she received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for their innovative approach to drug development. Elion's research led to the creation of important medications such as AZT for treating AIDS, azathioprine for organ transplant recipients, and acyclovir for herpes infections. Her contributions revolutionized the field of medicine by focusing on understanding drug targets, leading to the development of life-saving treatments.

Anna Lee Fisher is an accomplished American chemist, emergency physician, and former NASA astronaut. Graduating from the University of California, Los Angeles, she began her career conducting X-ray crystallographic studies before transitioning to medicine. Fisher was selected as an astronaut candidate in 1978, becoming the first mother to fly in space in 1984. She played key roles in various NASA programs, including the Space Shuttle, the International Space Station, and the Orion spacecraft. Fisher's contributions to space exploration include operating the Canadarm and supporting ISS missions before retiring in 2017.

Sidney Gottlieb was an American chemist and spymaster known for his involvement in Project MKUltra during the 1950s and 1960s, where he led the Central Intelligence Agency's efforts in assassination attempts and mind control experiments. Gottlieb's professional life was characterized by his controversial work in the field of covert operations, particularly focusing on the use of drugs and psychological manipulation to achieve intelligence objectives. His role in Project MKUltra remains a significant part of his legacy in the realm of espionage and government experimentation.

Roald Hoffmann is a distinguished Polish-American theoretical chemist, renowned for winning the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In addition to his groundbreaking scientific contributions, he has also made significant strides in the realm of literature, having published plays and poetry. Hoffmann holds the esteemed position of Frank H. T. Rhodes Professor of Humane Letters Emeritus at Cornell University, where he continues to inspire and educate future generations of scholars. His multifaceted career exemplifies a rare combination of scientific excellence and artistic creativity.

Tracy Caldwell Dyson is an accomplished American chemist and NASA astronaut with extensive experience in space exploration. She has participated in multiple missions, including serving as a mission specialist on Space Shuttle Endeavour flight STS-118 and being part of the Expedition 23 and Expedition 24 crews on the International Space Station. With three spacewalks under her belt, she has logged over 22 hours of extravehicular activity. Currently, Tracy is on her third space mission, a six-month stay onboard the ISS that began in March 2024.

Robert Burns Woodward was a renowned American organic chemist known for his significant contributions to synthetic organic chemistry. Considered one of the most influential chemists of the 20th century, he specialized in synthesizing complex natural products and determining their molecular structures. Woodward collaborated with Roald Hoffmann on theoretical studies of chemical reactions, further enhancing his impact on the field. In recognition of his groundbreaking work, Woodward was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1965, solidifying his legacy as a pioneering figure in the world of chemistry.

Harold Urey was an American physical chemist known for his pioneering work on isotopes, earning the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 for discovering deuterium. He played a key role in the development of the atom bomb and contributed to theories on the origins of organic life. Urey conducted research at various prestigious institutions, focusing on isotope separation and uranium enrichment during World War II. He also made significant contributions to the fields of paleoclimatology and space science, notably examining Moon rock samples from Apollo 11.

Elias James Corey is an esteemed American organic chemist renowned for his groundbreaking work in organic synthesis. Winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contributions to retrosynthetic analysis, Corey is widely regarded as one of the most influential chemists of our time. Throughout his career, he has developed innovative synthetic reagents, methodologies, and total syntheses that have significantly advanced the field of organic synthesis. Corey's work has left a lasting impact on the scientific community and continues to inspire future generations of chemists.

Herbert Henry Dow was an American chemical industrialist known for founding Dow Chemical, a multinational conglomerate. He graduated from Case School of Applied Science in Cleveland, Ohio, and became a prominent inventor of chemical processes and products. Notably, he developed a successful method for extracting bromine from sea water. Dow's contributions to the industry were significant, making him a successful businessman and a key figure in the field of chemistry and chemical engineering.

Albert C. Barnes was a multifaceted individual known for his contributions in various fields. He started his career as a chemist and later ventured into business, where he achieved significant success. Barnes was also recognized for his passion for art collecting and education. His establishment of the Barnes Foundation in Philadelphia solidified his legacy as a prominent figure in the art world. Through his work as a writer and educator, Barnes left a lasting impact on the cultural landscape, inspiring many with his dedication to the arts.

Michael Levitt is a renowned biophysicist and professor of structural biology at Stanford University since 1987. In 2013, he was honored with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry alongside Arieh Warshel and Martin Karplus for their work on multiscale models for complex chemical systems. Levitt has also been recognized with prestigious awards such as the DeLano Award for Computational Biosciences and induction into the National Academy of Sciences in 2002. His contributions to computational biology have significantly advanced the understanding of molecular structures and interactions.

Catherine "Cady" Coleman is an accomplished American chemist, engineer, and former United States Air Force colonel. She is best known for her distinguished career as a NASA astronaut, having participated in two Space Shuttle missions and serving as a crew member of Expedition 27 aboard the International Space Station. Coleman has logged an impressive 159 days in space, showcasing her expertise and dedication to space exploration. Her contributions to the field have solidified her reputation as a respected figure in the aerospace industry.

Harvey Washington Wiley was an American chemist known for his advocacy leading to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. He served as the first commissioner of the United States Food and Drug Administration. Wiley later worked at the Good Housekeeping Institute laboratories. He was recognized for his contributions with membership in the American Philosophical Society in 1904 and the Elliott Cresson Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1910, showcasing his significant impact in the field of food and drug regulation.

Richard E. Smalley was a prominent American chemist known for his groundbreaking work in the field of nanotechnology. As the Gene and Norman Hackerman Professor of Chemistry, Physics, and Astronomy at Rice University, he, along with Robert Curl and Harold Kroto, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 for the discovery of buckminsterfullerene. Smalley was a dedicated advocate for the advancements and applications of nanotechnology, contributing significantly to the understanding and development of new materials and technologies in the scientific community.

Peter Debye was a renowned Dutch-American physicist and physical chemist known for his groundbreaking contributions to the field of chemistry. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the structure of molecules and chemical bonds. Debye made significant advancements in the study of molecular structures, X-ray diffraction, dipole moments, and the Debye model of specific heat capacities. He also played a key role in developing the concept of Debye length in plasma physics.

Carl Djerassi was a renowned pharmaceutical chemist, novelist, and playwright. He co-founded the Djerassi Resident Artists Program with Diane Wood Middlebrook. Djerassi's most significant contribution was to the development of oral contraceptive pills, earning him the nickname "father of the pill." His pioneering work in this field revolutionized women's reproductive health and had a profound impact on society. Djerassi's multidisciplinary approach and innovative research methods solidified his reputation as a leading figure in the pharmaceutical industry and a prolific contributor to the arts.

Yuan Tseh Lee is a Taiwanese chemist and Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1986 for his contributions to the dynamics of chemical elementary processes, alongside John C. Polanyi and Dudley R. Herschbach. Lee's work focused on using advanced chemical kinetics techniques to study and control chemical reactions with crossed molecular beams. He also served as the President of the Academia Sinica of Taiwan from 1994 to 2006 and was elected head of the International Council for Science in 2011.

George M. Whitesides is a renowned American chemist and professor at Harvard University with expertise in various fields including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, organometallic chemistry, molecular self-assembly, soft lithography, microfabrication, microfluidics, and nanotechnology. He is widely recognized for his prolific authorship and patent holdings, as well as for receiving numerous prestigious awards for his contributions to the field of chemistry. Whitesides achieved the highest Hirsch index rating among all living chemists in 2011, solidifying his influential and impactful professional career.

William Worrall Mayo was an accomplished medical doctor and chemist known for founding the private medical practice that would become the renowned Mayo Clinic. His dedication to providing excellent medical care led to the establishment of a practice that prioritized patient well-being and innovative treatment methods. Through his contributions and leadership, Mayo set a strong foundation for the future success of the clinic. His professional legacy continues to impact the medical field, with the Mayo Clinic remaining a prominent institution in healthcare today.

Sir James Fraser Stoddart is a British-American chemist renowned for his work in supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology. He currently holds the position of Chair Professor in Chemistry at the University of Hong Kong and previously served as Board of Trustees Professor of Chemistry at Northwestern University. Stoddart is known for his development of mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures, molecular switches, and their application in nanoelectronic devices and nanoelectromechanical systems. His significant contributions have earned him prestigious awards, including the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2016.

Arnold Orville Beckman was an accomplished American chemist, inventor, investor, and philanthropist. As a professor at California Institute of Technology, he founded Beckman Instruments, renowned for the invention of the pH meter, a groundbreaking device for measuring acidity and alkalinity. Beckman also developed the DU spectrophotometer, a pivotal instrument in advancing bioscience. He played a crucial role in founding the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, contributing to the establishment of Silicon Valley. Beckman's professional legacy is characterized by significant contributions to chemistry, biology, and technology.

Stanley Miller was an American chemist known for his groundbreaking experiments on the origin of life. In 1952, he conducted the Miller-Urey experiment, demonstrating that complex organic molecules could be created from inorganic substances through simple chemical processes. His work provided significant evidence for the concept of chemical evolution on early Earth, showing that organic compounds could naturally form from inanimate inorganic molecules. Miller's research had a profound impact on the scientific understanding of the origins of life on Earth.

Peter Agre is an accomplished American physician, Nobel Laureate, and molecular biologist. He serves as the Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, as well as the director of the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute. Agre received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2003 for his groundbreaking work on aquaporin water channels, which are proteins that facilitate the movement of water molecules across cell membranes. He has also been actively involved in science diplomacy and served as the president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2009.

Henry Taube was a Canadian-born American chemist renowned for his groundbreaking work in electron-transfer reactions in metal complexes. He earned the 1983 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contributions in this field, becoming the second Canadian-born chemist to receive the prestigious award. Taube's research primarily focused on redox reactions, transition metals, and the utilization of isotopically labeled compounds to track reactions. Throughout his career, he published extensively, mentored over 200 students, and received numerous scientific accolades, including the Priestley Medal and two Guggenheim Fellowships.

Martin Karplus is an Austrian and American theoretical chemist known for his work in developing multiscale models for complex chemical systems. He serves as the Director of the Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, a joint collaboration between the French National Center for Scientific Research and the University of Strasbourg, France. Additionally, he holds the title of Theodore William Richards Professor of Chemistry, emeritus at Harvard University. Karplus was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2013, alongside Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel, for their groundbreaking contributions to the field.

Leo Sternbach was a Polish American chemist known for his groundbreaking work in synthesizing benzodiazepines, a class of tranquilizers widely used in medicine. He joined the pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-La Roche in 1940 and spent his entire career there, eventually heading the Department of Medicinal Chemistry. Sternbach's research led to the development of several important drugs, including chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepam (Valium), revolutionizing the treatment of anxiety and other mental health conditions. His contributions to the field of pharmacology have had a lasting impact on healthcare worldwide.

Jean Felix Piccard, a Swiss-born American chemist, engineer, and professor, made significant contributions to the fields of high-altitude ballooning, aviation, and space exploration. He is renowned for inventing clustered high-altitude balloons and the plastic balloon, which have been instrumental in advancements in balloon flight, aircraft technology, and spacecraft development. His innovative ideas and co-inventions have left a lasting impact on the world of aeronautics and have helped pave the way for future advancements in these industries.

Herbert C. Brown was an accomplished American chemist known for his groundbreaking work with organoboranes. His research in the field of organic chemistry, particularly the development of new methods for organic synthesis using boron-containing compounds, revolutionized the field. Brown's pioneering efforts led to significant advancements in the understanding of chemical reactions and the synthesis of complex organic molecules. His contributions were widely recognized, culminating in the award of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1979, cementing his legacy as a leading figure in the field of chemistry.

Ellen Swallow Richards was an American industrial and safety engineer, environmental chemist, and university faculty member known for her pioneering work in sanitary engineering and experimental research in domestic science. She founded the home economics movement by applying science to the home and was the first to use chemistry in the study of nutrition. Richards was the first woman admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and became its first female instructor. She was a pragmatic feminist and founding ecofeminist who believed in the importance of women's work in the home.

Susan Solomon is an American atmospheric chemist known for her groundbreaking work on the Antarctic ozone hole. She has spent most of her career at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and currently holds the position of Ellen Swallow Richards Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry & Climate Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Solomon has authored a book focusing on solutions to environmental challenges and is a member of prestigious scientific academies. She has been recognized by Discover magazine and Time magazine for her influential contributions to the field of science.

Robert S. Mulliken was an American physicist and chemist renowned for his pioneering work in molecular orbital theory. He significantly contributed to the development of the molecular orbital method for calculating molecular structures. Mulliken's groundbreaking research earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1966 and the Priestley Medal in 1983. His work continues to be influential in the fields of physics and chemistry, shaping our understanding of molecular structures and their properties.

George A. Olah was a Hungarian-American chemist renowned for his research on carbocations using superacids. His groundbreaking work in this field earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1994. Throughout his career, he received prestigious awards such as the Priestley Medal and F.A. Cotton Medal for Excellence in Chemical Research. Olah's professional journey saw him emigrate from Hungary to the United Kingdom, Canada, and finally the United States. He made significant contributions to carbocation chemistry and left a lasting impact on the scientific community.

Karl Barry Sharpless is an American stereochemist renowned for his groundbreaking work in stereoselective reactions and click chemistry. He is a distinguished two-time Nobel laureate in Chemistry, having been honored for his contributions to chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions in 2001 and for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry in 2022. Sharpless holds a unique place in history as only the fifth individual to have been awarded the Nobel Prize twice, and the third in the same discipline.

Robert Floyd Curl Jr. was an esteemed American chemist known for his groundbreaking work at Rice University. Serving as the Pitzer–Schlumberger Professor of Natural Sciences and a professor of chemistry, he made significant contributions to the field. In 1996, he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his pivotal role in the discovery of buckminsterfullerene, a type of nanomaterial that led to the development of the fullerene class of materials. His collaboration with other renowned scientists further solidified his legacy in the scientific community.

Paul Lauterbur was a distinguished professor known for his groundbreaking work in the development of the MRI. He served at Stony Brook University from 1963 to 1985, where he began his research on MRI technology. In 1985, he and his wife Joan joined the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he continued his research until his passing. Lauterbur was dedicated to mentoring undergraduates and held various professorial positions in chemistry, bioengineering, biophysics, and computational biology during his tenure at Urbana-Champaign.

Robert H. Grubbs was a distinguished American chemist known for his groundbreaking work in the field of olefin metathesis. Serving as the Victor and Elizabeth Atkins Professor of Chemistry at the California Institute of Technology, he was honored with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2005 for his contributions to this area. Grubbs was also recognized for his advancements in catalyst development, leading to the creation of commercial products. Additionally, he co-founded Materia, a startup aimed at producing catalysts, further solidifying his impact on the field of chemistry.

Richard R. Schrock is an esteemed American chemist known for his pioneering work in the field of organic chemistry. His significant contributions to the development of the olefin metathesis reaction have had a profound impact on the field. Through his research and innovations, Schrock has advanced our understanding of chemical reactions and their applications in various industries. His expertise and dedication to scientific exploration have earned him prestigious accolades, including the Nobel Prize. Schrock continues to inspire and influence the next generation of chemists with his groundbreaking work.

George Brecht was an American conceptual artist, avant-garde composer, and professional chemist. He worked as a consultant for notable companies including Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, and Mobil Oil. Brecht was a key member of Fluxus, an international group of avant-garde artists. He was involved with Fluxus from its inception in 1962 until the death of George Maciunas in 1978. Brecht was known for his participatory art, particularly his Event Scores like Drip Music 1962, which required viewer involvement. His work is considered a precursor to conceptual art, aiming to draw attention to the details of everyday life.

Alexander Imich was a multi-disciplinary professional known for his work as a chemist, parapsychologist, zoologist, and writer. He served as the president of the Anomalous Phenomena Research Center in New York City. Imich achieved international recognition for his research and contributions to various fields. Notably, he held the title of the world's oldest living man, certified by Guinness World Records until his passing at the age of 111. Additionally, Imich was the last surviving veteran of the Polish-Soviet War.

Wendell Meredith Stanley was an accomplished American biochemist and virologist who made significant contributions to the field of science. He is best known for his pioneering work on the isolation and crystallization of viruses, particularly the tobacco mosaic virus. Stanley's groundbreaking research laid the foundation for the study of virology and earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946. Throughout his career, he conducted extensive research on the structure and function of viruses, leaving a lasting impact on the field of biochemistry.

Alexander Theodore "Sasha" Shulgin was a renowned American chemist and pharmacologist known for his groundbreaking research in psychedelic drugs. He introduced MDMA, commonly referred to as "ecstasy," for psychopharmaceutical use and discovered over 230 psychoactive compounds. Alongside his wife, he authored the influential books PiHKAL and TiHKAL, detailing their work and experiences with phenethylamines and tryptamines. Shulgin's work on compounds like 2C-B, DOM, and various tryptamines earned him the title of the "godfather of psychedelics" for his significant contributions to the field.

Paul John Flory was an American chemist recognized for his groundbreaking contributions to the field of polymers. He was a pioneer in studying polymer behavior in solutions, leading to significant advancements in understanding macromolecules. His work encompassed both theoretical and experimental aspects, earning him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1974. Flory's profound achievements in physical chemistry laid the foundation for further developments in polymer science and cemented his legacy as a prominent figure in the field.

Donald J. Cram was an accomplished American chemist known for his pioneering work in host-guest chemistry. He shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen for their development and use of molecules with high selectivity interactions. Cram made significant contributions to the field by designing molecules with specific structures that could interact selectively with other molecules. His research laid the foundation for the field of host-guest chemistry, establishing him as a key figure in the advancement of chemical sciences.

Charles Pfizer was a German-American businessman and chemist who co-founded the Pfizer pharmaceutical company with his cousin, Charles F. Erhart, in 1849, as Chas. Pfizer & Co. Inc. He played a crucial role in the company's early success, overseeing the development and production of various pharmaceutical products. Under his leadership, Pfizer grew to become a leading name in the industry, pioneering advancements in medicine and healthcare. His dedication to innovation and commitment to quality laid the foundation for the company's continued growth and success.

George Alfred Leon Sarton was a Belgian-American chemist and historian known as the founder of the history of science as a distinct academic discipline. His significant contributions include the three-volume work Introduction to the History of Science and the founding of the journal Isis. Sarton's goal was to establish an integrated philosophy of science that bridged the gap between scientific fields and the humanities, which he termed "the new humanism".

Dudley R. Herschbach is an esteemed American chemist known for his groundbreaking work in the dynamics of chemical elementary processes. His notable achievement includes winning the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contributions in this field alongside Yuan T. Lee and John C. Polanyi. Herschbach's expertise lies in molecular beams and conducting crossed molecular beam experiments that have significantly enhanced the understanding of various elementary reaction processes at a molecular level. He continues to contribute to the scientific community and serves on the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.

Bruce Nathan Ames is an American biochemist known for his contributions to understanding mutagenesis and DNA repair mechanisms. He is a professor emeritus of biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of California, Berkeley, and a senior scientist at Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI). Ames is renowned for inventing the Ames test, a widely used assay for evaluating the mutagenicity of compounds. This test has revolutionized toxicology by identifying various environmental and industrial carcinogens, making a significant impact in the field.

Stanley Cohen was an accomplished American biochemist renowned for his groundbreaking research in the field of physiology and medicine. Alongside Rita Levi-Montalcini, he was honored with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986 for his pivotal contributions to the isolation of nerve growth factor and the discovery of epidermal growth factor. Cohen's work significantly advanced our understanding of cellular growth and development, leaving a lasting impact on the scientific community. His legacy continues to inspire future generations of researchers in the field.

Roderick MacKinnon is an accomplished American biophysicist, neuroscientist, and businessman. He holds the prestigious position of professor of molecular neurobiology and biophysics at Rockefeller University. In 2003, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, jointly with Peter Agre, for his groundbreaking research on the structure and function of ion channels. His work has significantly advanced our understanding of how ion channels operate, contributing valuable insights to the field of neuroscience and biophysics. MacKinnon's expertise and contributions have solidified his reputation as a leading figure in the scientific community.

James Batcheller Sumner was an accomplished American biochemist known for his groundbreaking work in enzyme research. His discovery that enzymes could be crystallized was a significant advancement in the field of biochemistry. This discovery led to a better understanding of the nature and structure of enzymes, ultimately proving that enzymes are proteins. Sumner's contributions to science were widely recognized, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946, alongside John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley, for his pioneering work in the field.

Edward W. Morley was an American scientist renowned for his exceptional work in the field of chemistry and physics. He gained recognition for his meticulous measurements of the atomic weight of oxygen, a crucial contribution to the scientific community. Morley is also celebrated for his collaboration with Albert A. Michelson on the Michelson-Morley experiment, which had a profound impact on the understanding of the nature of light and the concept of ether. His dedication to precision and accuracy in scientific research cemented his legacy in the realms of chemistry and physics.

Alan MacDiarmid was a distinguished chemist known for his groundbreaking research in the field of conducting polymers. His work revolutionized the understanding of conducting materials, leading to advancements in electronics and materials science. Along with his collaborators, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2000 for their discovery and development of conducting polymers. MacDiarmid's contributions have had a lasting impact on various industries and continue to inspire further research in the field of polymer chemistry.

Richard F. Heck was an American chemist renowned for his groundbreaking work in palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions, notably the Heck reaction. This innovative method utilizes palladium to catalyze the coupling of aryl halides with alkenes, revolutionizing organic chemical synthesis. Heck's contributions extended to the industrial preparation of compounds like the analgesic naproxen. In recognition of his significant advancements in organic synthesis, Heck was honored with the prestigious Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2010, which he shared with esteemed Japanese chemists Negishi and Suzuki.

Frank Sherwood "Sherry" Rowland was an American Nobel laureate and a professor of chemistry at the University of California, Irvine. He was known for his research on atmospheric chemistry and chemical kinetics. Rowland's most notable contribution was the discovery that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a significant factor in ozone depletion. His work had a profound impact on environmental science and policy, leading to international efforts to phase out the use of CFCs. Rowland's legacy includes numerous awards and honors recognizing his groundbreaking contributions to the field of chemistry.

Charles J. Pedersen was an American organic chemist known for his groundbreaking work in discovering crown ethers and developing methods to synthesize them during his extensive career at DuPont. Alongside Reed McNeil Izatt, Pedersen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1987 for his contributions to the field. He also made significant advancements in chemistry by discovering metal deactivators, improving the manufacturing process of tetraethyl lead, and contributing to the development of neoprene.

Alexander Oscar Gettler was a pioneering toxicologist at the Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York from 1918 to 1959. He was the first forensic chemist to hold such a position in a U.S. city, working closely with Charles Norris to lay the groundwork for modern medicolegal investigation in the country. Gettler's contributions have earned him the title of "the father of forensic toxicology in America" among his peers. His legacy is honored through the Alexander O. Gettler Award established by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences.

Edward Calvin Kendall was an accomplished American biochemist known for his groundbreaking work on hormones produced by the adrenal glands. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1950 for his research alongside Tadeusz Reichstein and Philip S. Hench. Kendall also made significant contributions to the understanding of thyroid hormones and the chemical structure of glutathione. He worked at the Mayo Foundation and later joined the faculty at Princeton University, leaving a lasting legacy in the field of biochemistry.

Thomas Robert Cech is an American chemist renowned for sharing the 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Sidney Altman for their groundbreaking discovery of RNA's catalytic properties. His research showcased RNA's ability to cut RNA strands, shedding light on the potential origins of life. Additionally, Cech's work on telomeres led to the identification of TERT, a crucial enzyme involved in telomere restoration. Serving as president of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, he championed science education and continues to impart knowledge through teaching chemistry at the University of Colorado.

Lawrence Joseph Henderson was a multi-disciplinary professional whose expertise spanned physiology, chemistry, biology, philosophy, and sociology. He made significant contributions to biochemistry, particularly in the early 20th century, where he emerged as a leading figure in the field. Henderson's work was instrumental in the development of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, a key tool for calculating pH levels and measuring acidity. His groundbreaking research and diverse skill set solidified his legacy as a pioneering biochemist and scientist of great influence.

Theodore William Richards was an American physical chemist who made significant contributions to the field of chemistry. He was the first American scientist to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his precise determinations of the atomic weights of various chemical elements. Richards' work revolutionized the understanding of atomic structures and laid the foundation for modern chemistry. His dedication to accurate measurements and scientific rigor earned him international recognition and solidified his legacy as a pioneering figure in the field of physical chemistry.

Ruth Mary Rogan Benerito was an American physical chemist and inventor known for her significant contributions to the textile industry. She revolutionized the field with her development of wash-and-wear cotton fabrics through the innovative technique of cross-linking. Benerito's work led to the creation of more durable and easy-care textiles, greatly impacting the clothing industry. Her expertise and dedication to research resulted in an impressive 55 patents, solidifying her legacy as a pioneering figure in textile chemistry and innovation.

William Francis Giauque was a Canadian-born American chemist known for his groundbreaking work on the properties of matter at extremely low temperatures. His research, which focused on achieving temperatures close to absolute zero, earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1949. Giauque dedicated his entire educational and professional career to the University of California, Berkeley, where he made significant contributions to the field of physical chemistry. His legacy continues to influence the scientific community's understanding of thermodynamics and low-temperature phenomena.

Jerome Karle was an American physical chemist known for his groundbreaking work in crystallography. Alongside Herbert A. Hauptman, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1985 for their innovative use of X-ray scattering techniques to analyze crystal structures. Karle's research significantly advanced the field of chemistry by providing new insights into the arrangement of atoms in crystals. He made significant contributions to the scientific community through his expertise in crystallography and his dedication to understanding the fundamental properties of matter.

Florence B. Seibert was an American biochemist renowned for her contributions to the field of tuberculosis research. She identified the active agent in tuberculin as a protein and isolated a pure form known as purified protein derivative (PPD), revolutionizing the development and reliability of TB testing. Her groundbreaking work led to significant advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. Seibert's achievements have been recognized through inductions into the Florida Women's Hall of Fame and the National Women's Hall of Fame.

Hazel Gladys Bishop was an American chemist known for founding the cosmetics company Hazel Bishop, Inc. She revolutionized the beauty industry by inventing the first long-lasting lipstick. Bishop's innovative product provided a solution to the common issue of lipstick wearing off quickly, leading to significant advancements in cosmetics. Through her pioneering work, Bishop left a lasting impact on the beauty world, establishing herself as a trailblazing figure in the field of chemistry and cosmetics.