Famous Chinese Political Leaders

Chiang Kai-shek was a Chinese statesman, revolutionary, and military commander who led the Nationalist Kuomintang party and the Republic of China. He played a key role in the overthrow of the Beiyang government, led the Northern Expedition to reunify China, and fought against Japanese aggression during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Chiang met with world leaders during the Second World War and presided over economic and social reforms in mainland China and Taiwan. His leadership was marked by efforts to modernize the nation and resist communist influence.

Sun Yat-sen was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and political philosopher who played a pivotal role in overthrowing the Qing dynasty during the 1911 Revolution. He served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China and the first leader of the Kuomintang. Sun's political life was marked by constant struggle and frequent exile, but he is widely revered for his leadership. His chief legacy lies in his political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People, emphasizing nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood.

Cao Cao was a Chinese statesman, warlord, and poet who rose to power during the end of the Han dynasty. Beginning as an official under the Han government, Cao Cao held various appointments and established his own army in Yan Province. He gained control over Emperor Xian and the central government, actively waged wars against rival warlords, and unified much of northern China. Despite facing defeats in southern China, he received honours and titles from Emperor Xian before his death in 220.

Jiang Zemin was a prominent Chinese politician who served as the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, chairman of the Central Military Commission, and president of China. He was a core leader of the third generation of Chinese leadership and the third paramount leader of China. Jiang played a key role in introducing the concept of a "socialist market economy" and oversaw significant economic growth and reforms in China. He faced criticism for human rights abuses but also made notable contributions to party doctrine.

Hu Jintao was a Chinese politician who served as the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, president of China, and chairman of the Central Military Commission. He rose to power through the CCP, implementing state control in the economy and being conservative with political reforms. Known for his reserved leadership style, Hu focused on economic growth and development, emphasizing socio-economic equality through the "Harmonious Socialist Society." He advocated for China's peaceful rise in foreign policy, increasing China's influence globally. Hu voluntarily retired after a decade in office, succeeded by Xi Jinping.

Liu Shaoqi was a prominent Chinese revolutionary and politician who held various key positions within the Chinese Communist Party and the government. He played significant roles in labor movements, anti-Japanese resistance efforts, and economic reconstruction policies in China. Liu was considered a potential successor to Mao Zedong and was appointed as the head of state of the People's Republic of China. However, he was later purged and labeled a traitor during the Cultural Revolution, leading to his eventual death in prison. Liu was posthumously rehabilitated in 1980 by Deng Xiaoping's government.

Zhuge Liang was a renowned Chinese statesman, strategist, and inventor during the Three Kingdoms period. Serving as the Imperial Chancellor and later regent of Shu Han, he was known for his exceptional strategic prowess and governance. Combining Legalist and Confucian ideologies, he emphasized benevolence and education in leadership. Implementing policies inspired by historical figures like Guan Zhong, he transformed Shu Han into a regional power through advancements in agriculture and industry. Zhuge Liang's legacy is marked by his dedication to fair governance and lasting impact on Chinese history.

Wang Jingwei was a Chinese politician who played a significant role in the political landscape of China during the early to mid-20th century. Initially aligned with the left wing of the Kuomintang, he later became anti-communist and collaborated with the Japanese Empire to establish a puppet government in Nanjing. Wang engaged in power struggles within the Kuomintang, ultimately leading to his acceptance of Japanese support during the Second Sino-Japanese War. His legacy is controversial, with debates surrounding his collaboration with Imperial Japan and his role in the Xinhai Revolution.

Chen Yun was a prominent Chinese Communist Party leader who played a pivotal role in shaping the economic policies of the People's Republic of China. He was a key figure in moderating Mao Zedong's radical economic ideas and was instrumental in China's economic reconstruction following the Great Leap Forward. Chen later became a staunch advocate for Deng Xiaoping's reform and opening up policy, playing a significant role in the economic reforms of the 1980s and 1990s. He was regarded as one of the most powerful figures in China during this period.

Sima Yi was a Chinese military general, politician, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. He began his political career under Cao Cao and excelled in governance, agriculture, and military affairs. Known for defending Wei from invasions by rival states, he eventually became a powerful regent, ousting corrupt officials to secure his influence. After facing and swiftly dealing with rebellions, Sima Yi's authority grew within Wei, paving the way for the establishment of the Jin dynasty by his descendants.

Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor is a retired Hong Kong politician who served as the fourth Chief Executive of Hong Kong from 2017 to 2022. She began her career in the British Hong Kong civil service in 1980, holding various roles including Director of Social Welfare and Director General of the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office in London. Noted for her toughness, she became Secretary for Development in 2007 and later Chief Secretary for Administration. Lam's tenure was marked by controversial decisions, including the handling of protests and the implementation of the national security law.

Qu Yuan was a renowned Chinese poet and aristocrat from the State of Chu during the Warring States period. He is celebrated for his patriotic spirit and significant contributions to classical poetry, particularly through the Chu Ci anthology. His poetic verses, notably "The Lament," have left a lasting impact on Chinese literature. Despite limited historical details about his life, Qu Yuan's influence on ancient Chinese verse is undeniable, solidifying his place as one of the most esteemed poets in Chinese literary history.

Mao Zedong was a Chinese politician, Marxist theorist, military strategist, poet, and revolutionary who founded the People's Republic of China (PRC) and led the country from 1949 until his death in 1976. He served as the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, implementing his theories and policies known as Maoism. Mao played a key role in various movements and campaigns such as the Chinese Civil War, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, and the Socialist Education Movement, shaping China's political and socio-economic landscape with both achievements and controversies.

Li Hongzhang was a prominent Chinese statesman, general, and diplomat during the late Qing dynasty. He played a key role in suppressing major rebellions and held important positions in the Qing imperial court, including serving as the Viceroy of Zhili, Huguang, and Liangguang. Known for his pro-modern stance and negotiation skills, Li's support of Russia over Japan led to conflicts with the British. Despite facing criticism for some political and military setbacks, he was praised for his successes against the Taiping Rebellion and efforts in modernizing China's industrial and military sectors.

Wang Yi is a prominent Chinese diplomat and politician known for his extensive experience in foreign affairs. He has held several key positions in the Chinese government, including serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs of China, State Councilor, Director of the State Council Taiwan Affairs Office, and Chinese Ambassador to Japan. Wang is currently serving as the Director of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee Foreign Affairs Commission Office and Minister of Foreign Affairs of China. He is a member of the 20th Politburo and has been actively involved in shaping China's foreign policy.

Zhou Enlai was a prominent Chinese statesman, diplomat, and revolutionary. He served as the first Premier of the People's Republic of China under Chairman Mao Zedong, aiding the Communist Party's rise to power and consolidating control. As a diplomat, Zhou advocated peaceful coexistence with the West, played key roles in various international conferences, and orchestrated Richard Nixon's historic visit to China. Despite surviving purges during the Cultural Revolution, Zhou's influence continued to grow, eventually being designated as Mao's successor before his passing in 1976.

Emperor Gaozu of Han, also known as Liu Bang, rose from a peasant background to become the founder and first emperor of the Han dynasty. He started as a minor law enforcement officer before becoming a rebel leader against the Qin dynasty. Gaozu outmaneuvered rival Xiang Yu, conquered the Qin heartland, and emerged victorious in the Chu-Han Contention civil war. As emperor, he implemented various reforms, reduced taxes, promoted Confucianism, and established the policy of heqin to maintain peace with the Xiongnu.

Bai Chongxi was a Chinese general in the National Revolutionary Army and a key Chinese Nationalist leader. He, along with Li Zongren, controlled Guangxi province as regional warlords from the mid-1920s to 1949. Bai had a complex relationship with Chiang Kai-shek, at times conflicting and cooperating. He played a significant role in various conflicts, supporting anti-Chiang warlords in the Central Plains War, and later aiding Chiang in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. Bai served as the first defense minister of the Republic of China before fleeing to Taiwan after losing to the Communists in 1949.

Chiang Ching-kuo was a prominent politician in the Republic of China, holding various government positions including premier and president. He played a crucial role in ending martial law and implementing reforms to open up the political landscape. Ching-kuo's leadership saw a shift towards more openness and tolerance of dissent, as well as efforts to combat corruption and promote economic development. He is recognized for his contributions to city planning policies, major construction projects, and the democratic transition of Taiwan away from authoritarian rule.

Wen Jiabao was a Chinese politician who served as the premier of China from 2003 to 2013. He was a key figure in shaping China's economic policies and held significant positions within the Chinese Communist Party, including membership in the Politburo Standing Committee. Wen focused on policies benefiting farmers and migrant workers, reduced agricultural taxes, and oversaw infrastructure projects. He implemented a stimulus program during the global financial crisis of 2008. Despite his reputation as a reformer, his family's wealth raised questions about his legacy.

Hu Shih was a prominent Chinese diplomat, essayist, fiction writer, literary scholar, philosopher, and politician. He played a crucial role in advancing Chinese liberalism and language reform, advocating for the use of vernacular Chinese. Hu was actively involved in the May Fourth Movement and China's New Culture Movement, serving as the president of Peking University. He was a versatile figure with interests ranging from literature and philosophy to history and pedagogy. Hu also made significant contributions as an editor, critic, and scholar, influencing Chinese politics and academia.

Rebiya Kadeer is an ethnic Uyghur businesswoman and political activist known for her success in real estate and multinational conglomerate ownership in the 1980s. She held various political positions in the National People's Congress in Beijing before being arrested in 1999 for allegedly sending confidential reports to her husband, a pro-East Turkistan independence broadcaster in the US. Kadeer fled to the United States in 2005 and assumed leadership roles in overseas Uyghur organizations, including the World Uyghur Congress.

Jiang Qing, also known as Madame Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary and actress who played a major role during the Cultural Revolution. She was the fourth wife of Mao Zedong and served as the inaugural "First Lady" of the People's Republic of China. Jiang was Mao's personal secretary, head of the Film Section of the Communist Party's Propaganda Department, and an important emissary for Mao during the early stages of the Cultural Revolution. She collaborated with Lin Biao to advance Mao's Communist ideology and held significant influence in state affairs, particularly in culture and the arts. Jiang gained a seat on the Politburo in 1969 but faced political downfall after Mao's death in 1976. She was arrested, condemned by party authorities, and sentenced to life imprisonment for her role in the Cultural Revolution.

Fu Hao was a prominent figure during the Shang dynasty, serving as a military general and high priestess to King Wu Ding. Her professional life was marked by her military achievements and religious duties, exemplified by her role as a collector of jade and bone objects, including oracle bones used in rituals. The discovery of her intact tomb in 1976 shed light on her relationship with the royal family and provided valuable insights into her activities and interests, showcasing her significant contributions to ancient Chinese society.

Li Peng was a prominent Chinese politician who served as the premier of China from 1987 to 1998 and as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress from 1998 to 2003. He held significant positions within the Chinese Communist Party hierarchy, ranking second behind Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin for much of the 1990s. Li played a key role in the government's response to the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989 and advocated for a conservative approach to economic reform.

Tung Chee-hwa is a prominent Hong Kong businessman and retired politician. He served as the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong from 1997 to 2005, during which his tenure faced significant challenges such as the bird flu and the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. Following his resignation, he continued to play a key role in Chinese politics, serving as vice chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and founding influential organizations like the China-United States Exchange Foundation and Our Hong Kong Foundation.

Li Yuanhong was a distinguished Chinese military and political leader during the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. He played a crucial role in significant historical events, including the 1911 Revolution that ended imperial rule in China. Li's military prowess and leadership skills earned him recognition, leading to his involvement in key political positions, such as Vice President and President of the Republic of China. He worked diligently to stabilize the new republic amidst internal and external challenges, leaving a legacy of cautious yet principled leadership.

Fu Hsi is a revered figure in Chinese mythology, celebrated for his diverse contributions to human civilization. He is renowned for his role in creating humanity, inventing music, hunting, fishing, domestication, cooking, and establishing the Cangjie system of writing Chinese characters. As the first mythical emperor of China, he is depicted in various forms, sometimes with snake-like characteristics or wearing animal skins. Fu Hsi is also associated with Taoism and the Three Sovereigns, embodying wisdom and divine qualities that shaped the early dynastic period in Chinese history.

Zhao Gao was a Chinese eunuch and politician who served as a key figure in the Qin dynasty of China. He held various official positions, including Prefect of the Office for Imperial Carriages and later Prefect of the Gentlemen of the Palace. Zhao Gao was known for his close relationship with the rulers of the Qin dynasty, Qin Shi Huang, Qin Er Shi, and Ziying. He played a significant role in the downfall of the dynasty through manipulation, political intrigue, and orchestrating assassinations to consolidate power.

Xu Guangqi was a prominent Chinese figure in the Ming dynasty, excelling in various fields such as agronomy, astronomy, mathematics, politics, and writing. Appointed by the Emperor in 1629, he led the Shixian calendar reform with the support of Jesuits, including Matteo Ricci and Sabatino de Ursis. Xu collaborated on translating Western texts into Chinese and authored the Nong Zheng Quan Shu, focusing on agriculture. Recognized as a key figure in Chinese Catholicism, Xu was later beatified by the Vatican in 2011.

Zeng Guofan was a distinguished Chinese statesman and military general during the late Qing dynasty. He is renowned for his pivotal role in organizing the Xiang Army to assist in quelling the Taiping Rebellion and restoring stability to the Qing Empire. Alongside prominent contemporaries like Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang, Zeng played a crucial part in the Tongzhi Restoration, aiming to revitalize the declining Qing dynasty. Known for his strategic acumen, administrative prowess, and adherence to Confucian principles, Zeng was also recognized for his firm approach in suppressing rebellions.

Kang Youwei was a prominent political thinker and reformer during the late Qing dynasty in China. He gained influence over the young Guangxu Emperor, which led to conflict with Empress Dowager Cixi. Kang's ideas played a significant role in the Hundred Days' Reform, advocating for modernization and a constitutional monarchy. After the reform was thwarted by Cixi's coup, Kang was forced into exile but continued to push for political change in China, particularly in support of a constitutional monarchy during the early years of the Republic of China.

Liang Qichao was a prominent Chinese politician, social and political activist, journalist, and intellectual. He played a key role in the political reformation of modern China by inspiring scholars and activists with his writings and reform movements. His translations of Western and Japanese books into Chinese introduced new theories and ideas to Chinese society. Throughout his career, he advocated for a constitutional monarchy, organized political opposition, served in various government positions, and supported cultural change through the New Culture Movement.

Xi Zhongxun was a Chinese communist revolutionary and a prominent political official in the People's Republic of China. He played a significant role in the Chinese communist revolution, contributing to the establishment of guerrilla bases in northwestern China in the 1930s. Throughout his career, he demonstrated political moderation and resilience despite facing setbacks, including imprisonment and purges. Xi Zhongxun was instrumental in initiating economic liberalization in southern China in the 1980s. His professional life was marked by dedication to the development and progress of the People's Republic of China.

Soong Ching-ling was a Chinese political figure who held prominent positions in the government of the People's Republic of China. She served as Vice Chairman of the PRC and Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. She represented China at international events in the early 1950s. During the Cultural Revolution, she faced heavy criticism but later became de facto Head of State of China. She continued to play important roles in government until her final illness in 1981.

T.V. Soong was a prominent Chinese businessman, banker, and politician who held the position of Premier of the Republic of China on two occasions. Known for his financial acumen and leadership skills, Soong played a crucial role in shaping the economic and political landscape of China during the early to mid-20th century. He was instrumental in implementing financial reforms, negotiating with foreign powers, and managing the country's finances during challenging times. Soong's contributions left a lasting impact on China's development and modernization efforts.

Kang Sheng was a prominent Chinese Communist Party official known for overseeing internal security and intelligence operations during pivotal moments in Chinese history. He initially supported Wang Ming for leadership but later aligned with Mao Zedong during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. Kang Sheng held significant power in the People's Republic of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1975. Posthumously expelled from the CCP in 1980, he was accused of sharing responsibility for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution.

Wang Qishan is a retired Chinese politician known for his leadership in the Chinese Communist Party. He gained prominence in finance before holding various regional roles and serving as vice premier under Premier Wen Jiabao. Wang later became the secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, overseeing anti-corruption efforts. He is recognized as a close ally of General Secretary Xi Jinping and played a key role in China's foreign affairs during his tenure as vice president.

Zhao Ziyang was a prominent Chinese politician who held key positions within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from the 1930s to late 1980s. He played various roles in the military and party leadership during critical periods like the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. Zhao was known for his critical stance on Maoist policies and his pivotal role in implementing economic reforms, advocating for privatization, market economy reforms, and anti-corruption measures. His support for student demonstrators during the Tiananmen Square protests ultimately led to his political downfall and house arrest until his death.

Yuan Shikai was a Chinese general and statesman who played a significant role in the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China. He spearheaded modernization programs, secured the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor, and served as Prime Minister, President, and Emperor of China. Yuan established the Beiyang Army as a powerful military force, suppressed rebellions, and faced conflicts with political rivals. His attempt to establish a monarchy led to widespread opposition and ultimately resulted in his abdication and death.

Lin Biao was a Chinese politician and Marshal of the People's Republic of China, known for his crucial role in the Communist victory during the Chinese Civil War. He led successful military campaigns, including the Liaoshen and Pingjin campaigns, which led to the People's Liberation Army's capture of Beijing. Lin held various high-ranking positions in the government and military, becoming instrumental in Mao Zedong's cult of personality. He was later named Mao's designated successor but died under mysterious circumstances, leading to speculation about his intentions and motives.

Hua Guofeng was a Chinese politician who rose through the ranks of the Chinese Communist Party, serving as Chairman of the CCP, Premier of China, and head of the military. He was designated as Mao Zedong's successor and played a key role in removing the Gang of Four from power after Mao's death. Hua implemented some reforms while maintaining a command economy and upholding Maoist principles. However, he was eventually ousted by a coalition led by Deng Xiaoping, leading him to gradually retreat from political life.

Deng Yingchao was a prominent figure in Chinese politics as a member of the Chinese Communist Party. She served as the Chairwoman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1983 to 1988, playing a key role in advising and guiding the country's political direction during that period. Deng Yingchao's career was marked by her dedication to public service and her active involvement in various political initiatives, contributing significantly to the development and governance of the People's Republic of China.

Huang Xing was a prominent Chinese revolutionary leader and politician who played a crucial role in the founding of the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Republic of China. He served as the first commander-in-chief of the Republic of China, ranking second only to Sun Yat-sen. Together with Sun, he was known as Sun-Huang during the Xinhai Revolution. Huang was revered as the "Eight Fingered General" due to war injuries. His tomb is located on Mount Yuelu in Changsha, Hunan, China.

Li Xiannian was a prominent Chinese Communist military and political leader, serving as President of China and Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He had a long and influential career within the Communist Party, holding positions such as Minister of Finance, Vice Premier, and Vice Chairman of the Party. Li was known for his leftist political and economic views, advocating for state control in the economy and promoting classical Communist values. He played a key role in various political events, including supporting Mao Zedong's successor and suppressing dissent during the Tiananmen Square protests.

Hu Yaobang was a prominent Chinese politician who served as a high-ranking official in the People's Republic of China. He held top positions within the Chinese Communist Party from 1981 to 1987, including Chairman and General Secretary. Hu played a crucial role in implementing economic and political reforms under Deng Xiaoping's leadership, despite facing opposition from powerful Party elders. He was forced to resign in 1987 due to political unrest, with his successor Zhao Ziyang continuing many of his reform initiatives. Hu's legacy was reevaluated and officially rehabilitated by the Chinese government in 2005.

Xiao He was a prominent Chinese calligrapher and politician of the early Western Han dynasty. He played a crucial role in the insurrection against the Qin dynasty and served as a key ally to Liu Bang, the founder of the Han dynasty. Xiao He actively participated in the Chu–Han Contention, supporting Liu Bang against his rival, Xiang Yu. Following the establishment of the Han dynasty, Xiao He was appointed as the chancellor, holding this influential position until his passing. His significant contributions earned him a place among the "Three Heroes of the early Han dynasty."

Ronglu, a Manchu leader of the late Qing dynasty, held various significant political and military positions in the Qing government, including the Zongli Yamen, Grand Council, Grand Secretary, Viceroy of Zhili, Beiyang Trade Minister, Secretary of Defence, Nine Gates Infantry Commander, and Wuwei Corps Commander. He was deeply favored by Empress Dowager Cixi and played a crucial role in the administration and defense of the empire. Additionally, he was the maternal grandfather of Puyi, the last Emperor of China and the Qing dynasty.

Deng Xiaoping was a Chinese revolutionary and statesman who served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to 1989. He led China through the Reform and Opening Up period, developing the country's socialist market economy. Deng played key roles in the Chinese Communist Party, the People's Liberation Army, and the State Council. He initiated political and economic reforms, oversaw China's modernization, and contributed to its emergence as one of the world's fastest-growing economies.

Wang Wei was a prominent figure in the middle Tang dynasty, excelling in multiple artistic and political endeavors. He was a talented musician, painter, poet, and imperial court official. Renowned for his nature-inspired poetry and landscape paintings, his works were highly esteemed during his time. Although no authenticated paintings or preserved musical compositions exist, his influence on later works is evident. Wang Wei's professional life also saw him devote time to study Chan Buddhism and adopt a vegetarian lifestyle under the guidance of Chan master Daoguang.

Peng Dehuai was a Chinese general and Minister of National Defense from 1954 to 1959. He rose through the ranks from a soldier in warlord armies to a key figure in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Peng played pivotal roles in defending against Chiang Kai-shek's forces, resisting Japanese occupation, and commanding Communist forces in Northwest China. He led the Chinese People's Volunteer Army in the Korean War and advocated for military modernization. Peng's criticism of Mao's leadership led to his purge and imprisonment during the Cultural Revolution.

Bao Zheng, known as Lord Bao, was a Chinese politician during the Song Dynasty. Renowned for his honesty and integrity, he served in civil service for twenty-five years. Bao gained fame for impeaching powerful individuals and implementing reforms to address public grievances during his tenure as the prefect of Kaifeng. His dedication to defending the common people against corruption earned him the title Justice Bao. Regarded as a symbol of justice, Bao Zheng is depicted in mythology wearing a judge's hat and is revered for his moral righteousness and sense of fairness.

Ban Zhao was a Chinese historian, philosopher, and politician who made significant contributions to Chinese historiography and literature. She completed her brother's work on the history of the Western Han, wrote the influential text Lessons for Women, and demonstrated expertise in astronomy and mathematics. Ban Zhao's diverse literary output included poems, commemorative writings, argumentations, commentaries, and essays. As China's most renowned female scholar, she also served as an instructor of Taoist sexual practices for the imperial family, leaving a lasting legacy in the intellectual and cultural spheres of ancient China.

Zhang Guotao was a Chinese revolutionary and founding member of the Chinese Communist Party. He studied in the Soviet Union during the 1920s and played a key role in organizing the CCP labor movement. Zhang led the Eyuwan Soviet from 1931 to 1932 and participated in the Long March, but lost a power struggle to Mao Zedong. After a series of defeats, he left the party in 1938. Zhang eventually retired to Canada and passed away in 1979.

Wang Xizhi was a distinguished Chinese politician and writer during the Jin dynasty. Renowned for his exceptional mastery of Chinese calligraphy, he held various government positions, reaching the rank of "General of the Right Army." Wang organized the famous Orchid Pavilion Gathering in 353, where he composed the celebrated Lantingji xu. Following his retirement in 355, he focused on Taoist practices until his passing. Emperor Taizong of Tang recognized Wang's talent, establishing him as the standard for Chinese calligraphy.

Chin Peng was a Malayan communist politician, guerrilla leader, and revolutionary. He led the Communist Party of Malaya and the Malayan National Liberation Army as secretary general from 1947 until 1989. Chin fought against Japanese occupation during World War II and led a guerrilla war known as the Malayan Emergency against British forces. Despite controversial actions, he was credited for contributing to Malayan independence and viewed as a rebel leader against colonialism. Chin died in exile in Thailand in 2013.

Sima Guang was a prominent Chinese historian, politician, and writer during the Song dynasty. He served as a high-ranking scholar-official and is best known for his monumental work, the Zizhi Tongjian, a comprehensive history book. Sima Guang was a political conservative who strongly opposed the reforms led by Wang Anshi. His professional life was dedicated to scholarship, governance, and the preservation of traditional values within the political landscape of his time.

Qin Hui was a prominent Chinese politician who served as a Chancellor of the Song dynasty. He was known for his controversial role in the persecution and execution of General Yue Fei, his political rival, during the Jin-Song Wars. This act led to modern historians labeling him as a traitor. Qin Hui's professional life was marked by his close association with Emperor Gaozong of Song and his actions as a key figure in the political landscape of that era.

Zhang Gaoli is a retired Chinese politician who held key positions in the Chinese government, including serving as the senior Vice Premier of the State Council and as a member of the Chinese Communist Party Politburo Standing Committee. He played a significant role in areas such as finance, economic development, natural resources, and environmental issues. Zhang chaired steering committees overseeing major projects such as the Three Gorges Dam and the One Belt One Road initiative. He also faced allegations of sexual assault made by Chinese tennis player Peng Shuai in 2021.

Bo Yibo was a prominent Chinese politician who played a key role in Communist Party activities in China. He held various significant positions, including Minister of Finance, member of the Politburo, Vice-Premier, chairman of the State Economic Commission, and vice-chairman of the Central Advisory Commission. Bo faced political challenges, such as being purged by the Gang of Four but was reinstated by Deng Xiaoping. He supported economic liberalization and held moderate conservative views. Bo's influence extended through supporting key leaders and promoting his son's career in politics.

Li Zongren was a prominent Chinese warlord and Kuomintang military commander, known for his leadership during significant conflicts such as the Northern Expedition, Second Sino-Japanese War, and Chinese Civil War. He served as vice-president and acting president of the Republic of China, demonstrating his political acumen and commitment to public service. With a strong background in military strategy and governance, Li Zongren played a crucial role in shaping the political landscape of China during a tumultuous period in its history.

Ulanhu, also known as Ulanfu, was the founding Chairman of China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, serving from 1947 to 1966. He held the nom de guerre "Red Son" and was nicknamed the "Mongol Prince." Ulanhu served as Vice-Premier from 1956 to 1966 and later as Vice President of China from 1983 to 1988. He was the highest-ranking minority official in PRC history, known for his loyalty to the Mongolian people and the PRC. His family had a significant influence on the politics of Inner Mongolia.

Zu Chongzhi, a notable Chinese astronomer, engineer, and mathematician, made significant contributions in various fields. He is renowned for his precise approximations of &pi and for introducing the Daming calendar while rejecting the Yuanjia calendar. Zu Chongzhi also delved into the mathematical theory of music, showcasing his diverse interests and expertise. Despite his impactful work, some of his writings on these subjects did not survive through history, leaving behind a legacy of innovation and intellectual curiosity in ancient China.

Zhu De was a Chinese general, military strategist, politician, and revolutionary in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He joined a rebel army and later the CCP, commanding the Eighth Route Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. Zhu played a significant role in the founding of the People's Republic of China and held high-ranking positions within the party. He was recognized as one of the ten marshals in 1955 and remained a prominent political figure until his death in 1976.

Wang Anshi was a prominent figure during the Song dynasty, serving as chancellor and implementing major socioeconomic reforms known as the New Policies. His professional life was characterized by a multifaceted career as an economist, philosopher, poet, and politician. He introduced significant economic reforms such as increased currency circulation and breaking up of private monopolies, as well as military reforms and government initiatives aimed at improving education and reducing nepotism. Despite initial success, Wang Anshi eventually faced opposition and fell out of favor with the emperor.

Gao Gang was a Chinese Communist Party leader who joined in 1926 and played a significant role during the Chinese Civil War. He led a revolutionary guerrilla base in Shaanxi province and gained a reputation for confidence, ambition, and womanizing. Trusted by Mao Zedong, he was promoted to oversee the key Northeast area of China. Later, he held a prominent position in the State Planning Commission of China but faced challenges from other party leaders. Ultimately, Gao Gang committed suicide in 1954 after a failed leadership challenge.

Yelü Chucai was a Khitan statesman and adviser who played a crucial role in the early Mongol Empire. He served as a key policy formulator during Genghis Khan's conquests and introduced significant administrative reforms in North China under Genghis Khan and Ögedei's rule. With a background in the Confucian tradition, he brought a thoughtful and strategic approach to governance, contributing to the success and stability of the Mongol Empire through his wise counsel and administrative expertise.

Yang Shangkun was a prominent Chinese Communist military and political leader who held high office under both Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. He oversaw the day-to-day running of government and Party affairs, accumulating bureaucratic power by controlling documents, records, and funds. After being purged and imprisoned during the Cultural Revolution, he made a comeback in 1978 and became a key ally of Deng. Yang supported economic reform but opposed political reform, defending Mao's image. He effectively controlled the PLA in the 1980s and played a leading role in crushing the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests before being forced to retire in 1993.

Qiao Shi was a prominent Chinese politician and leader within the Chinese Communist Party. He served on the Politburo Standing Committee from 1987 to 1997 and was a key figure in the party's leadership. While he lost out on becoming the paramount leader of China, he held significant positions such as Chairman of the National People's Congress. Qiao Shi was known for his more liberal approach to political and economic policies, advocating for the rule of law and market-oriented reforms in state-owned enterprises.

Zheng Zhilong was a prominent Fujianese admiral, pirate leader, merchant, translator, military general, and politician during the late Ming dynasty. He founded the Zheng Dynasty and played a key role in establishing the pro-Ming Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan. Zheng controlled a formidable fleet of pirates, which later merged with the Ming navy under his command. Known for his maritime prowess, he held significant influence over trade and security in southern Chinese waters. Despite defecting to the Qing dynasty, he faced execution due to his son's resistance against the Qing regime.

Wang Guangmei was a Chinese politician and philanthropist. She played a prominent role in various social and political initiatives in China. Wang Guangmei was actively involved in promoting education, healthcare, and women's rights. As the wife of Liu Shaoqi, the President of the People's Republic of China, she also contributed to diplomatic efforts and cultural exchanges. Wang Guangmei's professional life was characterized by her dedication to public service and her advocacy for social welfare and equality.

Chen Duxiu was a prominent Chinese revolutionary socialist, educator, philosopher, and author known for co-founding the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) with Li Dazhao in 1921. He served as the Communist Party's first general secretary from 1921 to 1927. Chen played a crucial role in the Xinhai Revolution and the May Fourth Movement, advocating for scientific and democratic advancements in early Republic of China. Despite his expulsion from the CCP in 1929, he continued to lead China's Trotskyist movement and established the influential periodical New Youth.

Fan Zhongyan was a versatile figure in the Song dynasty, excelling as a military strategist, philosopher, poet, and politician. His career spanned several decades, during which he served in various government positions, eventually rising to the role of prime minister or chancellor. Fan's enduring influence stems from his significant contributions to philosophy, education, and politics. His writings are highly regarded in Chinese literature, reflecting his dedication to public service and the ethical responsibilities of scholar-officials. Fan's legacy as a respected Confucian scholar endures to this day.

Wang Xianliang was a Chinese politician and government official who held various positions in education and civil affairs before serving as the director of the Wuhan Ethnic and Religious Affairs Committee. During his tenure, he faced challenges related to mismanagement and misuse of public resources. Despite being notified of violations by the Wuhan Commission of Discipline Inspection, he retained leadership status until his death from COVID-19 in January 2020, becoming the first government official in China to succumb to the disease.

Chen Yi was a prominent Chinese communist military commander and politician. He held key positions in the government, serving as the Mayor of Shanghai from 1949 to 1958 and as the Foreign Minister of China from 1958 until his death in 1972. Chen Yi was also recognized as one of the Ten Marshals of the People's Republic of China, highlighting his significant contributions to the military and political landscape of China during his career.