Civil Rights Activists

Malcolm X was a revolutionary African-American leader who advocated for Black empowerment and the promotion of Islam within the community. He was a prominent figure during the civil rights movement, initially associated with the Nation of Islam where he emphasized Black separatism. Following a pilgrimage to Mecca, he embraced Sunni Islam and founded the Islamic Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI) and the Pan-African Organization of Afro-American Unity. Despite his assassination in 1965, Malcolm X is remembered for his tireless pursuit of racial justice.

Rosa Parks was a significant American civil rights activist who played a crucial role in the Montgomery bus boycott. She joined the NAACP in 1943 and was actively involved in multiple civil rights movements. Parks' courageous act of refusing to give up her seat on a segregated bus sparked a legal battle that resulted in a groundbreaking Supreme Court ruling. Working alongside other civil rights advocates, she organized demonstrations and remained dedicated to fighting for equality. Parks received widespread acclaim and accolades for her unwavering commitment to combating racial segregation.

Johnnie Cochran was a prominent American attorney with a 38-year career, known for his involvement in civil rights and police brutality cases. He gained recognition for his courtroom skills, especially as part of the "Dream Team" in O.J. Simpson's murder trial. Cochran represented a diverse group of high-profile clients, including Sean Combs, Michael Jackson, Tupac Shakur, and Snoop Dogg. He also fought for individuals like Stanley Tookie Williams, Geronimo Pratt, and Reginald Oliver Denny. His legal expertise and commitment to justice had a lasting impact on the legal profession.

Fredrick Allen Hampton Sr. was a prominent American activist who led the Black Panther Party and its Illinois chapter. He established the Rainbow Coalition, a political group focused on uniting various communities to bring about social change. Hampton, a Marxist-Leninist, identified fascism as a major concern. He was surveilled by the FBI, culminating in a fatal raid on his Chicago residence. His enduring legacy lies in his commitment to combating racism, classism, and advocating for social justice.

W. E. B. Du Bois was a prominent American sociologist, historian, and civil rights activist, known for his leadership in the struggle for equal rights for African Americans. He co-founded the NAACP and championed full civil rights and political representation. Du Bois was a prolific author who addressed racism in his writings and made significant contributions to African-American literature. He advocated for Pan-Africanism, socialism, and peace activism, challenging conventional beliefs and advocating for racial uplift and educational opportunities for African Americans.

Angela Davis is a prominent American Marxist and feminist activist, philosopher, academic, and author. She is a professor emerita at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and has been involved in various political movements. Davis has been a member of the Communist Party USA, a founding member of the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism, and has been associated with movements like Occupy and the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions campaign. She has taught philosophy at UCLA, been a candidate for vice president, co-founded Critical Resistance, and received prestigious awards such as the Lenin Peace Prize.

Cesar Chavez was a prominent American labor leader and civil rights activist. He co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, later known as the United Farm Workers labor union. Chavez organized strikes among farmworkers, including the successful Delano grape strike of 1965–1970. He advocated for nonviolent tactics such as pickets and boycotts, inspired by Mahatma Gandhi. Chavez aimed to broaden the UFW's reach beyond California and campaigned against illegal immigration. Despite facing criticism, he became a symbol for organized labor and leftist movements in the United States.

Walter Francis White, a prominent American civil rights activist, served as the leader of the NAACP for 26 years. He joined the organization in 1918 and conducted investigations into lynchings and race riots in the South. White took over from James Weldon Johnson in 1929 and strategically challenged racial segregation and disfranchisement through legal channels. He oversaw the NAACP's Legal Defense Fund and achieved significant victories, including the landmark Brown v. Board of Education ruling. White also worked with President Truman to desegregate the armed forces after World War II, leading to a substantial increase in NAACP membership during his tenure.

Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican political activist, founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL). He championed black nationalism and Pan-Africanism, advocating for unity among Africans and the African diaspora. Garvey opposed European colonial rule in Africa and pushed for the continent's political unity. He set up businesses in the U.S. to empower black people economically, such as the Black Star Line shipping company. His ideas left a lasting impact on movements like Rastafari, Nation of Islam, and Black Power.

Ruby Bridges, an American civil rights activist, was the first African American child to attend the formerly whites-only William Frantz Elementary School in Louisiana during the New Orleans school desegregation crisis in 1960. Her courage paved the way for integration in public schools and she is depicted in Norman Rockwell's painting "The Problem We All Live With" as a symbol of the civil rights movement.

Al Sharpton is a well-known American civil rights and social justice activist, Baptist minister, radio talk show host, and TV personality. He founded the National Action Network civil rights organization and has participated in Democratic presidential politics. Sharpton hosts the national radio talk show Keepin' It Real and works as a political analyst and weekend host for MSNBC. Over the years, he has been recognized for his provocative statements, which have led to allegations of homophobia, antisemitism, and racial insensitivity.

Coretta Scott King was a prominent American author, activist, and civil rights leader who dedicated her life to advocating for African-American equality during the 1960s. Following her husband's assassination in 1968, she emerged as a key figure in the civil rights movement, championing racial equality and the Women's Movement. King established the King Center and successfully campaigned for Martin Luther King Jr. Day to become a national holiday. Additionally, she supported LGBTQ rights and fought against apartheid, forging alliances with influential politicians.

Medgar Evers was a prominent American civil rights activist who served as the NAACP's first field secretary in Mississippi. He was a key figure in challenging racial segregation at the University of Mississippi, advocating for voting rights enforcement, and promoting economic opportunities and desegregation of public facilities. Evers played a crucial role in civil rights movements post the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, advocating for equal access and opportunities for African Americans. His assassination by Byron De La Beckwith led to widespread civil rights protests, ultimately resulting in convictions years later with the emergence of new evidence.

Marsha P. Johnson was a prominent American gay liberation activist and self-identified drag queen. She played a crucial role in the Stonewall uprising of 1969 and was a founding member of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF). Johnson, along with Sylvia Rivera, established the radical activist organization Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR). She was actively involved in New York's gay community, the city's art scene, and as an AIDS activist with ACT UP. Throughout her professional career, Johnson advocated for gay rights, engaged in art modeling, performed in drag, and supported AIDS activism.

Ida B. Wells was a renowned American investigative journalist, educator, and civil rights leader known for her unwavering dedication to fighting prejudice and violence. Throughout her career, she worked tirelessly to promote African-American equality by shedding light on the harsh realities of lynching in the United States. Through her articles and pamphlets, Wells exposed the brutality of these acts and dispelled myths surrounding the victims. As a co-owner and writer for the Memphis Free Speech and Headlight newspaper, she tackled issues of racial segregation and inequality. Despite facing threats and violence, Wells continued her advocacy work in Chicago, using her writing, speaking engagements, and organizational skills to champion civil rights and women's rights causes. A prominent figure in the women's suffrage movement, Wells was posthumously recognized for her fearless reporting on violence against African Americans.

Stokely Carmichael was a prominent American activist known for his significant contributions to the civil rights movement and global pan-African movement. He played a key role in the Black Power movement, initially with the SNCC and later as a leader of the Black Panther Party and the All-African People's Revolutionary Party. Carmichael was actively involved in voting rights activism in Mississippi and Alabama, where he helped establish independent all-black political organizations. Through his speeches and writings, Carmichael popularized the philosophy of black power, gaining both popularity and controversy in the late 1960s.

Betty Shabazz was an American educator and civil rights advocate. She started her career as a nurse in New York City and later worked at Medgar Evers College in Brooklyn, New York. Shabazz's commitment to education and civil rights was unwavering, making a lasting impact on her community.

Ayaan Hirsi Ali is a prominent writer, activist, and former politician known for her criticism of Islam and advocacy for women's rights. She gained recognition for her work in Dutch politics and collaboration on the controversial film Submission, which tragically resulted in death threats and the murder of her colleague. In the United States, Ali established herself as a bestselling author focusing on reform within Islam. She founded the AHA Foundation and is actively involved in advocating for women's rights and democratic values at various institutions.

Yolanda Denise King was an activist and public speaker who was also involved in artistic and entertainment pursuits. She emerged as a strong leader during high school and actively participated in school politics. In the 1990s, she advocated for a retrial of James Earl Ray and openly expressed her lack of animosity towards him. Her acting career flourished during this period, landing roles in various projects. Over time, she became a vocal advocate for gay rights and a strong ally to the LGBT community.

Tarana Burke, an American activist, is renowned for establishing the MeToo movement to aid women who have faced sexual abuse. She first employed the phrase in 2006 to empower survivors. The MeToo campaign garnered significant recognition in 2017 after becoming a viral hashtag in the wake of the Harvey Weinstein scandal. Burke was honored as a Time Person of the Year in 2017 for her advocacy efforts. She is a respected speaker and holds the position of Senior Director at Girls for Gender Equity in Brooklyn. Harvard University has even released a case study on her influential work.

Alicia Garza is a leading American civil rights activist and writer, known for co-founding the Black Lives Matter movement. She is a passionate advocate for social and racial justice, focusing on issues affecting marginalized communities including Black women, LGBTQ+ individuals, and immigrants. Garza's impactful writing and public speaking have gained widespread recognition, featured in esteemed publications. She has partnered with organizations like the National Domestic Workers Alliance and the Black Futures Lab to empower Black communities and instigate systemic change through community organizing and leadership roles in various impactful organizations.

Claudette Colvin is a significant figure in the 1950s civil rights movement. She is known for bravely refusing to give up her seat to a white woman on a Montgomery bus in 1955. Colvin was a plaintiff in the Browder v. Gayle case, which successfully challenged bus segregation laws in Alabama. Despite initial challenges and lack of recognition, her efforts in ending bus segregation and promoting civil rights are now widely acknowledged and celebrated.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a prominent American writer and activist who was instrumental in the women's rights movement of the 19th century. She played a pivotal role in organizing the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention and was the primary author of its Declaration of Sentiments, which called for women's suffrage. Stanton worked closely with Susan B. Anthony, leading campaigns and founding organizations like the Women's Loyal National League and the National Woman Suffrage Association. She wrote influential works that documented the history of women's suffrage and challenged societal norms regarding women's roles.

Adam Clayton Powell Jr. was a prominent American Baptist pastor and politician who served as a U.S. Representative for Harlem, New York, from 1945 to 1971. He was the first African American elected to Congress from New York and the Northeast, known for his advocacy of civil rights and support for emerging nations in Africa and Asia. Powell chaired the Education and Labor Committee in 1961, playing a crucial role in passing significant legislation during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. Despite facing corruption allegations, he successfully regained his seat in Congress through a Supreme Court ruling in 1969 before retiring from electoral politics in 1970.

Mamie Elizabeth Till-Mobley was a renowned American educator and activist who played a crucial role in the Civil Rights Movement. Her advocacy for racial justice and equality gained national attention following the tragic murder of her son, Emmett Till. Mamie's bold choice to leave Emmett's casket open at his funeral sparked outrage across the country and rallied support for civil rights. Her dedication to seeking justice and shedding light on racial violence had a lasting impact on American society.

Viola Desmond was a Canadian civil rights activist, businesswoman, and pioneer in the fight against racial segregation. Her brave defiance at a Nova Scotia cinema in 1946 sparked the modern civil rights movement in Canada. Despite legal consequences, she persisted in advocating for equality and justice. In 2010, Desmond received a posthumous free pardon in recognition of her legacy. In 2018, she became the first Canadian-born woman to be featured on the $10 bill.

David T. Dellinger was a notable American pacifist and activist recognized for his advocacy of nonviolent social change. He rose to fame as a member of the Chicago Seven, a group of anti-war activists who faced trial in 1969 for their demonstrations during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Throughout his career, Dellinger consistently demonstrated his commitment to pacifism and participated in numerous social justice causes. He played a crucial role in advancing nonviolent resistance as a strategy to combat systemic inequalities and foster progress within society.

Benjamin Banneker, a self-taught African-American, excelled as a naturalist, mathematician, astronomer, and author of almanacs. His work as a surveyor and farmer included helping establish the original borders of the District of Columbia. Banneker's successful almanacs, correspondence with Thomas Jefferson on slavery and racial equality, and praise from abolitionists contributed to his legacy. While a fire destroyed many of his papers, some artifacts survived, leading to various tributes such as parks, schools, and streets named in his honor.

Fannie Lou Hamer was a prominent American activist known for her work in voting and women's rights, community organizing, and leadership in the civil rights movement. She played a key role in the movement as the vice-chair of the Freedom Democratic Party and in organizing Mississippi's Freedom Summer with the SNCC. Hamer co-founded the National Women's Political Caucus and focused on promoting voter registration and political engagement among African-Americans. Despite facing adversity, she persisted in her efforts to advance civil rights and empower marginalized communities.

James Meredith is a prominent American civil rights activist known for being the first African-American student to enroll at the University of Mississippi in 1962. His historic enrollment played a significant role in the civil rights movement. Meredith later organized the March Against Fear in 1966 to address racism in the Southern United States and encourage voter registration. He remained dedicated to advocating for civil rights and serving as a source of inspiration through his activism and leadership.

Dolores Huerta is a prominent American labor leader and civil rights activist, recognized for co-founding the United Farm Workers Association alongside Cesar Chavez. She played a crucial role in organizing the Delano grape strike in 1965 and subsequently negotiating a workers' contract. Huerta's advocacy work has earned her numerous awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom. She is credited with popularizing the phrase "Sí, se puede" ("Yes, you can") and holds the distinction of being the first Latina inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Huerta is a respected figure within the Latino community and has been commemorated with her own day in California.

Mary McLeod Bethune was a prominent American educator, philanthropist, and civil rights activist known for founding the National Council of Negro Women and playing leadership roles in African American women's organizations. She established a private school for African-American students, which later became Bethune-Cookman University. Bethune was instrumental in creating the United Nations charter and held leadership positions in women's voluntary services. She worked closely with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, contributing to the establishment of the Federal Council on Colored Affairs. Bethune's significant contributions were recognized through various honors and monuments.

Barbara Jordan was a pioneering American lawyer, educator, and politician known for her historic accomplishments. She was the first African American elected to the Texas Senate after Reconstruction and later became the first Southern African-American woman elected to the United States House of Representatives. Jordan gained national recognition for her significant role in the House Judiciary Committee hearings during the Nixon impeachment process. Her impressive achievements also include delivering a keynote address at a Democratic National Convention and chairing the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform.

Michael X, also known as Michael Abdul Malik and Abdul Malik, was a self-proclaimed black revolutionary and civil rights activist in 1960s London. He gained notoriety for his radical ideologies and involvement in civil rights causes. In 1972, he was convicted of murder and was hanged at Port of Spain's Royal Gaol in 1975. Despite his criminal history, Michael X left a lasting impact on the activism and revolutionary movements of his time.

William Kunstler was an influential American attorney and civil rights activist recognized for his defense work in numerous contentious and high-profile cases. He played significant roles in organizations such as the National Lawyers Guild, ACLU, and was a co-founder of the Center for Constitutional Rights. Kunstler rose to prominence for his representation of the Chicago Seven, as well as his advocacy for radical groups like the Black Panther Party and Weather Underground. While some viewed him as a symbol of radical legal practice, others criticized him for being a publicity-seeking and inconsistent lawyer.

Bayard Rustin was a prominent American political activist known for his leadership in civil rights, socialism, nonviolence, and gay rights movements. He organized the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963 and worked on various initiatives to combat racial discrimination, including the March on Washington Movement and Freedom Rides. Rustin also played a key role in supporting Martin Luther King Jr.'s leadership and promoting unionization among African Americans. He later became an advocate for gay rights and received posthumous recognition for his contributions to humanitarian causes and workers' rights.

Sylvia Rivera, a prominent American activist, was known for her significant contributions to the gay liberation and transgender rights movements in New York City. Together with Marsha P. Johnson, she co-founded the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) to assist homeless drag queens, gay youth, and transgender women. Rivera actively participated in demonstrations organized by the Gay Liberation Front and was recognized for her community work. Over the course of her life, she transitioned from identifying as a drag queen to openly embracing her identity as a transgender person. Rivera's professional focus remained on advocating for the rights and well-being of LGBTQ+ individuals who were marginalized in society.

Nikole Hannah-Jones is an accomplished investigative journalist renowned for her reporting on civil rights in the United States. She has been a staff writer at The New York Times since 2015 and received prestigious honors such as the MacArthur Fellowship in 2017 and the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in 2020 for her work on The 1619 Project. Hannah-Jones holds the Knight Chair in Race and Journalism at Howard University, where she established the Center for Journalism and Democracy, showcasing her commitment to advancing racial equality through journalism.

Isra Hirsi is a prominent American environmental activist who co-founded and serves as co-executive director of the U.S. Youth Climate Strike. She was acknowledged in Fortune's 40 Under 40 Government and Politics list in 2020 for her significant contributions to the climate activism movement. Hirsi is dedicated to advocating for climate action and raising awareness about environmental issues among young people, playing a vital role in efforts to address climate change and promote sustainability.

A Tunisian street vendor named Mohamed Bouazizi sparked the Tunisian Revolution and the Arab Spring by setting himself on fire in protest against the confiscation of his goods and mistreatment by authorities. His act of self-immolation inspired movements for change in other countries and resulted in the resignation of the Tunisian president. Bouazizi's brave protest against autocratic regimes earned him global recognition, including awards like the Sakharov Prize and being named Person of the Year by various publications, symbolizing the significant impact of his actions.

Vernon Jordan Jr. was a highly regarded American business executive and civil rights attorney recognized for his significant contributions to the civil rights movement. He played a pivotal role in desegregating the University of Georgia and collaborated with numerous civil rights organizations from the 1960s to the 1980s. In the early 1990s, Jordan became a valued advisor to President Bill Clinton, serving on his transition team. After his tenure in the White House, he pursued a successful career in the corporate sector, partnering with several corporations and investment banking firms.

Alveda Celeste King is an American activist, author, and former state representative for the 28th District in the Georgia House of Representatives. She is a Fox News Channel contributor and has served as a senior fellow at the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution in Washington, D.C. King is the founder of Alveda King Ministries and has been involved in civil rights and political activities. She is recognized for her advocacy work and contributions to public discourse.

Rachel Aliene Corrie was an American nonviolence activist and diarist known for her involvement with the International Solidarity Movement (ISM). She protested the Israeli army's activities in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, advocating for peace and solidarity. Corrie demonstrated against the demolition of Palestinian property and tragically lost her life in 2003 when she was killed by an Israeli bulldozer. Her death sparked controversy and criticism, resulting in legal action taken against the Israeli state, which was not held responsible for her demise.

A. Philip Randolph was a prominent American labor unionist and civil rights activist who founded and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first successful African American-led labor union. His efforts against discriminatory labor practices influenced President Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802 in 1941, prohibiting discrimination in defense industries. Randolph's leadership also prompted President Truman to issue Executive Orders 9980 and 9981 in 1948, promoting equitable employment and desegregating the armed forces. He continued his impactful work by organizing the March on Washington in 1963 and advocating for the "Freedom Budget" to address economic disparities in the black community.

Omar Suleiman is an American Islamic scholar and civil rights activist recognized for his leadership in multiple institutions. As the founding president of the Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research, he has made significant contributions to the field of Islamic studies. Suleiman also holds the position of adjunct professor of Islamic studies at Southern Methodist University and sits on the Ethics Center Advisory Board. Additionally, he serves as the Resident Scholar at the Valley Ranch Islamic Center and is Co-Chair Emeritus of Faith Forward Dallas at Thanks-Giving Square.

Viola Liuzzo was a courageous American civil rights activist who dedicated herself to the battle for voting rights and racial equality. In 1965, she traveled to Alabama to support the Selma to Montgomery march. Tragically, she was killed by Ku Klux Klan members while driving activists. Despite facing false accusations, her true story of sacrifice and bravery eventually emerged. Her legacy endures through posthumous honors and a scholarship in her honor, celebrating her steadfast dedication to justice and equality.

C. P. Ellis began his career as a segregationist and rose to prominence as a local leader in the Ku Klux Klan in Durham, North Carolina. However, he experienced a significant change over time, shifting from advocating racial segregation to becoming a committed civil rights advocate and labor union organizer. His transformation from a Klan leader to a champion of equality and justice reflects a profound evolution in his beliefs and principles, which had a lasting influence on the community he once divided.

Harry Hay was a renowned American gay rights activist, labor advocate, and communist. He was a co-founder of the Mattachine Society, the first gay rights group in the US, and the Radical Faeries, a gay spiritual movement. Hay was widely recognized as "the Founder of the Modern Gay Movement" and "the father of gay liberation." He was a professional actor in LA and a member of the Communist Party USA, where he became a dedicated labor activist. Hay was against assimilationism in the gay rights movement and played a key role in establishing the Los Angeles Gay Liberation Front.

James Weldon Johnson was a renowned American writer, civil rights activist, and leader of the NAACP. Serving as executive secretary of the organization from 1920 to 1930, he made significant contributions to the Harlem Renaissance. Johnson was a prominent writer of poems, novels, and anthologies that reflected Black culture. He is best known for writing the lyrics of "Lift Every Voice and Sing," also known as the Black National Anthem. Additionally, he held positions as a U.S. consul, the first African American professor at New York University, and a professor at Fisk University.

Wendell Willkie, an American lawyer and corporate executive, led Commonwealth & Southern Corporation (C&S) in the 1930s. He gained recognition for opposing the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) during this time. Willkie switched from the Democratic to the Republican Party in 1939, and in 1940, he was chosen as the Republican nominee for president. Although he was defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Willkie stood by the president during World War II and pushed for assistance to Britain.

Max Roach, a highly influential American jazz drummer and composer, was known for his pioneering work in bebop and his versatility in various music styles. He is widely recognized as one of the most significant drummers in history, having collaborated with jazz legends such as Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, and Duke Ellington. Roach co-led a groundbreaking quintet with Clifford Brown in the 1950s and later established the percussion ensemble M'Boom in 1970. His remarkable contributions to jazz led to his inductions into the DownBeat Hall of Fame and the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame.

Ella Josephine Baker was a prominent African-American civil rights and human rights activist known for her influential leadership spanning over five decades. She collaborated with renowned civil rights leaders such as W. E. B. Du Bois, Thurgood Marshall, A. Philip Randolph, and Martin Luther King Jr. Baker mentored emerging activists and played a crucial role in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) during the 1960s. She advocated for grassroots organizing, radical democracy, and empowering the oppressed to advocate for themselves. Baker is celebrated for her critiques of racism and sexism within American culture and the civil rights movement.

James Earl Chaney was an influential American civil rights activist who was a member of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). He was dedicated to advocating for racial equality and social justice during the 1960s civil rights movement. Chaney focused on challenging segregation and discrimination in the South, particularly in Mississippi. Tragically, his courageous activism and commitment to civil rights led to his death at the hands of the Ku Klux Klan in 1964.

Hosea Lorenzo Williams was a well-known American civil rights leader and activist who worked closely with Martin Luther King Jr. He played a key role in organizing and leading nonviolent protests against various forms of injustice as a trusted member of King's inner circle. Williams was highly regarded for his leadership within the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and served as King's chief field lieutenant. He furthered his advocacy for the underprivileged by founding Hosea Feed the Hungry and Homeless, a major social services organization in North America.

Diane Nash is a prominent American civil rights activist renowned for her leadership and strategic contributions to the Civil Rights Movement. She played a crucial role in various successful campaigns, including the integration of lunch counters in Nashville, the Freedom Riders initiative, co-founding the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and working on voting rights projects in Alabama and Selma. Nash's efforts were pivotal in the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which aimed to ensure equal voting rights for African Americans and other minorities. Her remarkable contributions led to her being honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in July 2022.

Michael Schwerner, an American civil rights activist, dedicated himself to promoting voting registration among African Americans in Mississippi. Working as a field worker for the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), Schwerner faced danger alongside his colleagues James Chaney and Andrew Goodman. Tragically, he was killed by members of the Ku Klux Klan in Neshoba County. Schwerner's courageous advocacy for civil rights had a lasting impact on American history.

Odetta, known as "The Voice of the Civil Rights Movement," was a highly influential American singer specializing in folk music, blues, jazz, and spirituals. She played a pivotal role in the folk music revival of the 1950s and 1960s, serving as an inspiration to renowned artists such as Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Mavis Staples, and Janis Joplin. Beyond music, she had a significant impact, earning admiration from prominent figures like Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. Time magazine even recognized her rendition of "Take This Hammer" as one of the 100 Greatest Popular Songs.

Jimmie Lee Jackson, a devoted civil rights activist and Baptist church deacon, spent his life advocating for equal voting rights for African Americans in Marion, Alabama. He engaged in peaceful protests and marches to support his community's rights. His untimely death by an Alabama state trooper during a voting rights march stirred national uproar and was instrumental in the enactment of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Homer Plessy held various jobs, such as a shoemaker, laborer, warehouseman, clerk, and insurance premium collector. He gained recognition for his role in the historic civil rights case Plessy v. Ferguson, which aimed to oppose racial segregation laws in the late 19th century United States. Plessy's efforts and the resulting Supreme Court ruling established the "Separate but Equal" legal principle, influencing state-mandated racial segregation practices for many years.

James Leonard Farmer Jr. was a prominent American civil rights activist who played a pivotal role in founding the Committee of Racial Equality, later renamed the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), in 1942. He served as the national chairman of CORE from 1942 to 1966, championing racial equality through peaceful methods. Farmer was instrumental in the Civil Rights Movement, advocating for nonviolent resistance as a means to challenge segregation. In 1961, he organized the groundbreaking Freedom Ride, which contributed significantly to the desegregation of interstate transportation in the United States.

Myrlie Evers-Williams is an American civil rights activist and journalist known for her dedicated efforts in seeking justice for the 1963 murder of her husband, Medgar Evers, a prominent civil rights activist. She has served as the chairwoman of the NAACP and is a published author on topics related to civil rights and her husband's legacy. Evers-Williams delivered the invocation at the second inauguration of President Barack Obama in 2013, showcasing her continued commitment to social justice and equality.

Billy Eckstine was a highly influential American jazz and pop singer and bandleader during the swing and bebop eras. His rich bass-baritone voice made a lasting impact on the music industry. He was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2019 for his outstanding contributions to recording. The recording of his song "I Apologize" received the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1999. Eckstine's suave and full-throated singing style inspired a generation of singers and solidified his legacy as a prominent figure in music history.

Derrick Bell Jr. was a prominent American lawyer, legal scholar, and civil rights activist. He played key roles at the U.S. Justice Department and the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, overseeing school desegregation cases. Bell transitioned to academia and became the first African-American law professor to receive tenure at USC and Harvard Law School. He later taught at NYU School of Law and served as a dean at the University of Oregon School of Law. Bell's influential work centered on analyzing racism within the legal system, establishing him as a trailblazer in critical race theory.

James Luther Bevel was an American minister and key figure in the 1960s Civil Rights Movement. He played a pivotal role in the successes of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, including the Birmingham Children's Crusade, Selma voting rights movement, and Chicago open housing movement. Bevel also worked with the Nashville Student Movement on various initiatives and was involved in anti-war efforts. He is recognized as a strategist and architect of the Civil Rights Movement, contributing to significant legislative and social changes during the era.

Raymond St. Jacques was a prominent American actor, director, and producer with a career spanning over three decades in stage, film, and television. He made history as the first African-American actor with a regular role on a Western series, playing Simon Blake on the eighth season of Rawhide. St. Jacques' contributions to the entertainment industry were significant, paving the way for greater diversity and representation on screen.

Lucy Stone was a significant American figure who dedicated her life to advocating for women's rights. She was a pioneering orator, abolitionist, and suffragist who played a key role in organizing the National Women's Rights Convention. Stone was the first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree and was instrumental in establishing the Woman's National Loyal League and the American Woman Suffrage Association. Through her impactful speeches, writings, and leadership, she inspired and influenced numerous other leaders in the women's rights movement.

A. D. King was an influential American Baptist minister and civil rights activist recognized for his unwavering commitment to social justice causes. He worked closely with his brother, Martin Luther King Jr., in the civil rights movement, advocating for racial equality and desegregation. A. D. King played a pivotal role in organizing nonviolent protests, marches, and demonstrations to combat racial discrimination and champion equal rights for all. His dedication to advancing civil rights and challenging injustice earned him widespread respect within the movement.

Collin Wilcox was a renowned American actress who excelled in film, stage, and television. She displayed remarkable versatility in her performances and took on diverse roles under various credited names. Notably, she delivered a memorable portrayal as Mayella Violet Ewell in the celebrated film "To Kill a Mockingbird" (1962). Wilcox's compelling depiction of a character entangled in a crucial trial resonated with audiences, showcasing her immense talent. Her career was marked by a consistent display of skill and dedication across a range of roles.

John Hammond Jr. was an influential American record producer, civil rights activist, and music critic who played a pivotal role in shaping the landscape of popular music in the 20th century. Serving as a talent scout, he discovered and nurtured the careers of numerous iconic musicians across various genres, including Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, Billie Holiday, Count Basie, Aretha Franklin, and many others. Hammond was also instrumental in reviving the music of delta blues artist Robert Johnson, leaving a lasting impact on the music industry.

Amelia Boynton Robinson was a key figure in the Civil Rights Movement in Selma, Alabama. She notably participated in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches, championing voting rights and racial equality. Her commitment to social justice led her to become the founding vice-president of the Schiller Institute in 1984. Robinson's impactful contributions to civil rights were acknowledged when she was honored with the Martin Luther King Jr. Freedom Medal in 1990.

Kenneth Bancroft Clark was a pioneering African-American psychologist known for his influential research on racial identity and the impact of segregation on children. He was the first African-American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University. Clark supported the landmark Brown v. Board of Education case and was a strong advocate for civil rights and education reform. He founded the Northside Center for Child Development and Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited to improve mental health services and educational opportunities for minority children. Throughout his career, Clark served as a tenured professor, expert witness, and active advocate for integration.

Howard Washington Thurman was a prominent American author, philosopher, theologian, educator, and civil rights leader. He played a key role in various social justice movements and organizations of the twentieth century. Thurman's theology of radical nonviolence greatly influenced a generation of civil rights activists, with many leaders within the civil rights movement considering him a crucial mentor, including Martin Luther King Jr. He held positions as dean at both Howard University and Boston University, and co-founded the first major interracial, interdenominational church in the United States.

Roy Wilkins was a well-known American civil rights leader who led the NAACP in the 1950s and 1960s. He held important roles in the organization, serving as Executive Secretary and later as Executive Director. Wilkins was instrumental in organizing marches and protests during the civil rights movement and also made notable contributions to African-American literature. He controversially supported African Americans enlisting in the military as part of his efforts to advance civil rights through different means.

Whitney Young Jr. was a prominent American civil rights leader who fought against employment discrimination and promoted socioeconomic opportunities for marginalized groups. With a background in social work, he turned the National Urban League into a key player in the civil rights movement. Young was instrumental in shaping the US government's War on Poverty programs in the 1960s, making a lasting impact on efforts to address systemic inequalities and uplift disadvantaged individuals.

Thomas Clarkson was an English abolitionist who made significant contributions to the movement against the slave trade in the British Empire. He co-founded the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade and played a key role in the passing of the Slave Trade Act 1807. Later, Clarkson became a pacifist and co-founded the Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace. Throughout his life, he advocated for the abolition of slavery globally and was a prominent speaker at anti-slavery conventions.

Andrew Goodman was an American civil rights activist who dedicated himself to social and political activism. He volunteered for the Freedom Summer campaign to register black voters in Mississippi. Tragically, while investigating a church fire, he was murdered along with fellow activists Michael Schwerner and James Chaney by members of the Ku Klux Klan. Although there were initially convictions for civil rights violations, the mastermind behind their killings was eventually sentenced to imprisonment. Goodman's selfless sacrifice and unwavering commitment to social justice serve as an enduring inspiration to activists around the globe.

Gabriel Prosser, a literate slave from Virginia, played a crucial role in leading a major slave rebellion in the U.S. He sought to create an all-Black state with himself as the ruler. Prosser's leadership in this uprising was a significant turning point in the struggle against slavery in colonial America. However, he was captured, condemned to death by hanging, and his legacy endures as a symbol of resistance and opposition to the cruel institution of slavery.

Irom Chanu Sharmila, known as the "Iron Lady of Manipur," is an Indian civil rights activist, political activist, and poet. She garnered global recognition for her 16-year hunger strike aimed at abolishing the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958. Throughout her protest, she endured nasal force-feeding for more than 500 weeks while in custody. Sharmila's commitment to nonviolent resistance and advocacy for human rights earned her the title of the world's longest hunger striker. Amnesty International has recognized her as a prisoner of conscience.

Cynthia Delores Tucker, also known as C. Delores Tucker, was an influential American politician and civil rights activist. She served as the Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from 1971 to 1977. In the 1990s, Tucker led a campaign against gangsta rap music, pushing for its censorship because of its perceived negative effects on society. She was committed to advancing civil rights and driving social change throughout her career.

Edith Cowan was a dedicated Australian social reformer known for her tireless efforts to advocate for the rights and welfare of women and children. She made history as the first woman to serve as a member of parliament in Australia. Cowan was a prominent voice for women's suffrage, public education, and children's rights. Her work in establishing organizations and initiatives in Western Australia aimed at enhancing the lives of women and children has had a lasting impact on society. Her contributions as a parliamentarian and social reformer were substantial and long-lasting.

Joseph Echols Lowery was a significant figure in the civil rights movement, known for his leadership as a minister in the United Methodist Church. He co-founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference alongside Martin Luther King Jr. and held various important positions within the organization. Lowery was actively involved in pivotal civil rights efforts during the 1950s and 1960s, and his commitment to the cause persisted well into the 21st century. In 2009, he was honored for his contributions with the Presidential Medal of Freedom from U.S. President Barack Obama.

Roy Innis, a prominent American activist and politician, led the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) as its National Chairman from 1968 until his passing. He played a key role in the civil rights movement, dedicating himself to advancing equality and justice. Innis was recognized for his leadership and advocacy for social change, contributing significantly to the progress of civil rights in the United States. His legacy remains a source of inspiration for activists working towards a fairer society.

Mariela Castro Espín is a prominent figure in Cuba's advocacy for LGBT rights and gender equality. She serves as the director of the Cuban National Center for Sex Education and the National Commission for Comprehensive Attention to Transsexual People. Known for her activism, she works to break down societal stigmas and stereotypes surrounding the LGBT+ community. With a strong focus on promoting inclusivity and acceptance, Castro plays a key role in advancing the rights and well-being of marginalized groups in Cuban society.

After serving in the US Army during World War II and receiving the Bronze Star for heroism, Ralph Lazo resettled in Los Angeles and embarked on a career in education. He obtained a sociology degree from UCLA and a master's degree in education from Cal State Northridge. Lazo devoted his career to teaching, guiding disabled students, and championing Hispanic education and voting rights. Moreover, he contributed significantly to fundraising efforts for a class-action lawsuit that ultimately resulted in the Civil Liberties Act of 1988.

Mary Church Terrell was a groundbreaking American civil rights activist, journalist, and educator. She was among the first African-American women to earn a college degree and taught at the M Street School in Washington, DC. Terrell was the first African-American woman to be appointed to a major city school board. She was actively engaged in organizations advocating for racial and gender equality, such as the NAACP and the National Association of Colored Women. Terrell played a key role in advancing civil rights and educational opportunities for African Americans.

Robert Parris Moses was a prominent American educator and civil rights activist, recognized for his influential role in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Mississippi. He was instrumental in leading voter education and registration efforts, co-founding the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, and spearheading the organization of the Freedom Summer Project. Moses later transitioned to teaching in Tanzania before returning to the US to establish the Algebra Project. This initiative aimed to enhance college and job readiness among minority students by teaching algebra through community organizing.

Anna Julia Cooper was a highly influential American author, educator, sociologist, speaker, Black liberation activist, and Black feminist leader. She made significant contributions to social science fields, particularly sociology, and holds the distinction of being the fourth African-American woman to earn a doctoral degree, which she received from the Sorbonne, University of Paris. Cooper was a prominent member of Washington, D.C.'s African-American community and a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. Her book, "A Voice from the South: By a Black Woman of the South," is considered a groundbreaking work in Black feminism, earning her the title "the Mother of Black Feminism."

James Forman was a prominent African-American leader in the civil rights movement, actively involved in organizations like the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Black Panther Party, and the League of Revolutionary Black Workers. Serving as the executive secretary of SNCC, he played a vital role in significant events such as the Freedom Rides, the Albany movement, the Birmingham campaign, and the Selma to Montgomery marches. Forman continued his commitment to organizing black communities around social and economic equality issues throughout his adult life, alongside teaching and writing about his experiences and political perspectives.

Florynce Kennedy was a prominent figure in American activism, recognized for her roles as a lawyer, radical feminist, civil rights advocate, lecturer, and activist. She was a strong supporter of social justice and equality, utilizing her legal expertise to champion marginalized communities. Kennedy was a influential figure in the feminist movement, pushing for women's rights and questioning societal conventions. Through her speeches and activism, she dedicated herself to advancing equality and encouraging individuals to combat injustice.

Assata Shakur, also known as Joanne Chesimard, is an American political activist linked to the Black Liberation Army. She was convicted of first-degree murder in the death of a State Trooper during a 1973 shootout and escaped from prison in 1979. Before her arrest, she was active in political movements and briefly part of the Black Panther Party. Shakur faced various charges and went on the run before finding refuge in Cuba, where she has lived since 1984.

Charlotta Amanda Spears Bass was a groundbreaking American educator, newspaper publisher-editor, and civil rights activist. She founded and managed the California Eagle, the first African-American woman-owned newspaper in the U.S. Bass fought for housing, voting, and labor rights, and spoke out against police brutality. In 1952, she achieved a historic milestone as the first African-American woman to be nominated for Vice President by the Progressive Party. Despite unfounded allegations of Communist affiliations, Bass continued her activism until her later years.

Minnijean Brown-Trickey is renowned for her pivotal role as one of the Little Rock Nine, a group of courageous African American teenagers who led the integration of Little Rock Central High School in the 1950s. She made significant contributions to the civil rights movement, especially in the aftermath of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling that called for school desegregation. Throughout her career, Brown-Trickey has been a passionate advocate for equality and social justice, earning her a well-respected status as a political figure and a source of inspiration in the battle against discrimination.

Mary White Ovington was a prominent American advocate for civil rights and social justice. She played a crucial role in founding the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909, working tirelessly to fight against racial discrimination and segregation. Throughout her career, Ovington dedicated herself to addressing inequality and injustice, using her platform to amplify the voices of marginalized communities. Her lasting impact on American society is a testament to her unwavering commitment to equality.

Andrea Heinemann Simon was an American civil rights activist recognized for her contributions to the civil rights movement and community engagement. She served on the board of directors of the Riverdale Mental Health Association for more than three decades and was a member of the Riverdale Chapter of the United Nations Association. Simon also worked as a receptionist for the publishing company Simon & Schuster before marrying co-founder Richard Leo Simon. Throughout her life, she passionately advocated for social justice and equality until her passing in 1994.

Septima Poinsette Clark was a prominent African American educator and civil rights activist known for developing literacy and citizenship workshops that played a crucial role in advancing voting and civil rights for African Americans during the Civil Rights Movement. Despite facing challenges from Southern male activists, she was affectionately referred to as the "Queen Mother" and "Grandmother" of the Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King Jr. also acknowledged her as "The Mother of the Movement." Clark firmly believed in the transformative power of knowledge to empower marginalized communities beyond mere legal equality.

Matilda Joslyn Gage was a significant American writer and activist recognized for her advocacy in women's suffrage, Native American rights, abolitionism, and freethought. She played a pivotal role in the suffrage movement by co-founding the National Woman's Suffrage Association and was widely known for her prolific writing and public speaking. Gage's dedication to women's rights was evident in her editorial work, collaborations on key publications, and establishment of the Woman's National Liberal Union to advance women's self-government and civil liberties.

Linda Brown was an American educator and civil rights advocate who played a key role in the historic case Brown v. Board of Education. In 1954, she challenged racial segregation by seeking enrollment at Sumner School in Topeka, Kansas. Her lawsuit against segregation ultimately led to the Supreme Court's rejection of the 'separate but equal' doctrine. Brown later became a well-regarded educator and continued to advocate for equality in education and civil rights.

Yun Po-sun was a notable South Korean politician and activist who held the position of the second president of South Korea from 1960 to 1962. Throughout his career, he served in various political roles, including Secretary to Korea's Chief of Staff in 1947, Mayor of Seoul in 1948, and Commerce Minister from 1949 to 1950. Yun played a key role in the establishment of the South Korean Democratic Party in 1955. Despite being compelled to step down from the presidency by Park Chung Hee in 1961, Yun's impact on Korean politics was substantial.

William Monroe Trotter was a well-known newspaper editor and real estate businessman in Boston, Massachusetts. He was actively involved in the African-American civil rights movement, founding the Boston Guardian, an independent newspaper that opposed accommodationist race policies. Trotter was a vocal critic of Booker T. Washington and played a significant role in establishing the NAACP. He participated in various protests for civil rights, fighting against segregation and advocating for equality in federal workplaces. Despite facing challenges and criticism, Trotter remained committed to advocating for racial justice.

Autherine Juanita Lucy made history as the first African-American student to attend the University of Alabama in 1956. Despite initially facing expulsion, her courageous actions resulted in the resignation of the university's President Oliver Carmichael. Lucy's dedication to equality and justice continued as she returned to the university as a master's student. In 2010, a clock tower was erected on the University of Alabama's campus in her honor, acknowledging her pivotal role in advancing civil rights.