Famous Deaths on February 24

Katherine Johnson, an American mathematician, made vital contributions to NASA's space missions over her 33-year career. She excelled in complex manual calculations and was a pioneer in using computers for her work. Her calculations played a crucial role in Project Mercury, Apollo missions, and the Space Shuttle program. Johnson's expertise in space trajectories earned her the nickname "human computer." She received prestigious accolades such as the Presidential Medal of Freedom and was posthumously recognized by the National Women's Hall of Fame for her groundbreaking achievements in space science.

Don Knotts was an American actor and comedian known for his iconic role as Deputy Barney Fife on The Andy Griffith Show in the 1960s. He also portrayed Ralph Furley on Three's Company and starred in comedic films such as The Incredible Mr. Limpet and The Ghost and Mr. Chicken. Knotts gained fame on television through various shows like Search for Tomorrow and Steve Allen's variety show. His portrayal of Barney Fife earned him five Emmy Awards for Best Supporting Actor in a Television Comedy.

Harold Ramis was a versatile American actor, comedian, and filmmaker known for his iconic roles in Ghostbusters and Stripes. He co-wrote and directed acclaimed comedies such as Caddyshack, National Lampoon's Vacation, and Groundhog Day. His work on SCTV showcased his talent as a writer and performer. Ramis's films have left a lasting impact on the comedy industry, inspiring a new generation of filmmakers and actors. He was recognized with awards for his writing, including a BAFTA for Groundhog Day.

Dinah Shore was a prominent American singer, actress, and television personality known as the chart-topping female vocalist of the 1940s. Rising to fame during the Big Band era, she achieved solo success after initial setbacks in band auditions. With a string of eighty hits from 1940 to 1957, she transitioned to television, hosting variety programs for Chevrolet and her own shows. Shore's career spanned four decades, earning her recognition as one of the top television stars of all time.

Dennis Weaver was a prominent American actor known for his versatile and memorable roles in television and film. He gained fame for portraying Deputy Chester Goode/Proudfoot in the western Gunsmoke and Deputy Marshal Sam McCloud in the police drama McCloud. Weaver also starred in the acclaimed television film Duel, directed by Steven Spielberg, and delivered a memorable performance as a twitchy motel attendant in Orson Welles's Touch of Evil. Throughout his career, Weaver showcased his talent and versatility, leaving a lasting impact on the entertainment industry.

Sally Kellerman was a versatile American actress with a career spanning 60 years. She gained recognition for her role as Major Margaret "Hot Lips" Houlihan in the film M*A*S*H, which earned her an Academy Award nomination. Kellerman collaborated extensively with director Robert Altman, appearing in several of his projects. Apart from her acting, she pursued a music career with albums and contributions to film soundtracks. Kellerman also excelled in commercial voiceover work and animation projects. Her memoir detailed her experiences in the entertainment industry.

Sridevi, a celebrated Indian actress, made a lasting impact on Telugu, Tamil, Hindi, Malayalam, and Kannada cinema. Known as the "first female superstar" of Indian cinema, she received numerous awards and accolades for her versatile performances spanning over 50 years. With a diverse range of roles in various genres, Sridevi portrayed strong and outspoken characters on screen, depicting strong-willed women with depth and conviction. Her significant contributions to Indian cinema were acknowledged with prestigious honors, solidifying her legacy as one of the greatest actresses in the industry.

Tommy Douglas was a prominent Canadian politician and Baptist minister recognized for his substantial contributions to public service. He served as the seventh premier of Saskatchewan, where he pioneered the first single-payer, universal healthcare program in North America. Douglas later entered federal politics, becoming the inaugural leader of the New Democratic Party (NDP) and a Member of Parliament. Throughout his tenure, he championed social welfare programs and civil liberties, shaping Canadian politics and society in a lasting manner.

Octavia Butler was a pioneering American science fiction author celebrated for her innovative contributions to the genre. She was a distinguished recipient of the esteemed Hugo and Nebula awards and achieved a significant milestone in 1995 by becoming the first science-fiction writer to be honored with a MacArthur Fellowship. Butler's journey in science fiction began during her teenage years, leading to early success with the sale of her initial stories. Over time, she transitioned into a full-time writing career, while also sharing her knowledge through writer's workshops and public speaking engagements. Notably, Butler infused her work with reflections on her experiences as an African American, enriching her storytelling with these vital themes.

Robert Frederick Chelsea Moore OBE, an English professional footballer, captained West Ham United for more than ten years and led the England national team to victory in the 1966 FIFA World Cup. He is esteemed as one of the finest defenders in football history, having participated in over 600 matches for West Ham and achieving success in the FA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. Moore, known for his remarkable game intelligence and fair play, earned 108 caps for England, setting a record at that time.

Claude Shannon, an influential American mathematician, electrical engineer, computer scientist, and cryptographer, is renowned as the "father of information theory" and the "father of the Information Age." His groundbreaking contributions spanned digital computing, cryptography, artificial intelligence, and communication theory. Shannon's work on Boolean gates, switching circuit theory, and his mathematical theory of communication established the cornerstone of modern digital technology. His influence on the digital era is likened to the impact of Albert Einstein and Sir Isaac Newton in their fields.

Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain was an American college professor who volunteered to join the Union Army during the Civil War. He rose to the rank of brigadier general and became a highly respected and decorated officer. Chamberlain's courageous leadership at the Battle of Gettysburg, including a famous bayonet charge, earned him the Medal of Honor. After the war, he pursued a career in politics as a Republican and later served as the Governor of Maine. Chamberlain eventually returned to academia and became the president of Bowdoin College until 1883.

Robert Fulton was an American engineer and inventor famous for creating the first commercially successful steamboat, the North River Steamboat (Clermont). This steamboat made a groundbreaking journey on the Hudson River in 1807, transforming river transportation and commerce. Additionally, he was tasked by Napoleon Bonaparte to design a submarine, leading to the development of the Nautilus, the world's first functional submarine. Fulton also invented naval torpedoes for the Royal Navy, establishing himself as a trailblazer in steam technology and naval advancements.

Henry Cavendish FRS was an English natural philosopher and scientist renowned for his pioneering contributions to experimental and theoretical chemistry and physics. He is credited with the discovery of hydrogen, detailed descriptions of its properties, and extensive research on various subjects including atmospheric air, different gases, water synthesis, electrical attraction, heat theory, and Earth's density. Cavendish's meticulous research techniques and the famous Cavendish experiment, which measured Earth's density and gravitational constant, have left a significant and enduring mark on the disciplines of chemistry and physics.

George Gobel was an accomplished American humorist, actor, and comedian who gained fame as the star of The George Gobel Show, a popular comedy variety television series that aired on NBC and CBS in the 1950s and 1960s. In addition to his successful TV show, he was a well-known panelist on the NBC game show Hollywood Squares. Gobel's wit, charm, and comedic timing endeared him to audiences, making him a beloved figure in the entertainment industry during his career.

Henry "Henny" Youngman was a British-born American comedian and musician renowned for his mastery of the "one-liner" joke format. Standing out in an era of elaborate comedic storytelling, Youngman's routines were characterized by quick, witty jokes delivered with precision. His trademark line, "Take my wife... please," became iconic. Dubbed "the King of the One-Liners" by columnist Walter Winchell, Youngman's performances were concise yet packed with humor, often accompanied by brief violin interludes. His stage presence captivated audiences with rapid-fire jokes, leaving a lasting comedic legacy.

Johnnie Ray was an American singer, songwriter, and pianist known for his jazz and blues-influenced music. He gained popularity in the 1950s and is considered a major precursor to rock and roll. Ray began singing professionally at a young age and quickly rose to fame with hits like "Cry" and "The Little White Cloud That Cried". Despite a decline in his US career in the late 1950s, he maintained a strong following in the UK and Australia. Ray's emotive performances and melancholic songs influenced many artists and are recognized as precursory to later performers.

Malcolm Stevenson Forbes was a prominent American entrepreneur and publisher of Forbes magazine, carrying on his father's work. He was a strong advocate of capitalism and maintained a lavish lifestyle while pursuing his passion for collecting various objects. Forbes was also engaged in politics, serving in the New Jersey Senate and making attempts to become Governor, although he faced challenges in securing the Republican nomination in 1953 and lost the election to the incumbent Governor in 1957.

Bud Luckey, a versatile American artist, made significant contributions to Pixar as a character designer, voice actor, director, and writer. His work can be seen in acclaimed films such as Toy Story, Monsters, Inc., and Finding Nemo. Luckey's talents extended to providing music for the Pixar short film Boundin', which earned him awards and nominations. He also lent his voice to iconic characters like Rick Dicker in The Incredibles and Eeyore in Winnie the Pooh. Luckey's impressive career spanned decades before his retirement in 2014.

Rukmini Devi Arundale was a prominent figure in Indian history for her significant contributions to the revival of Bharatanatyam, a classical Indian dance form. She played a crucial role in reshaping Bharatanatyam from its original 'sadhir' style associated with temple dancers into a respected art form. Rukmini Devi also advocated for the revival of traditional Indian arts and crafts, leading to the recognition and admiration of Bharatanatyam among Indian elites and the removal of its perceived eroticism. Her dedication to Indian classical arts earned her several prestigious awards.

Pandit Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi, a celebrated Indian vocalist from Karnataka, was known for his mastery in the Hindustani classical tradition, especially in the khayal form of singing and devotional music. He hailed from the Kirana gharana tradition and achieved worldwide acclaim for his exceptional concerts. Joshi was instrumental in organizing the annual Sawai Gandharva Music Festival. His remarkable contributions to music were honored with prestigious awards such as the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship and the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award.

Nikolai Bulganin played a significant role in Soviet politics, serving as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1955 to 1958. He held key positions such as Minister of Defense and Chairman of the Moscow City Soviet. Bulganin, a loyal Stalinist, advanced his career during Stalin's purges and achieved the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union. Following Stalin's death, he initially backed Khrushchev but later aligned with an opposition faction, resulting in his removal and expulsion from the Politburo in 1958.

Jan Berenstain was an American writer and illustrator who, along with her husband Stan, co-created the beloved children's book series The Berenstain Bears. Together, they worked on over 300 titles in the series, addressing various themes and life lessons for young readers. Jan's talent as an artist brought the characters to life, while her storytelling skills captivated audiences of all ages. Her dedication to creating wholesome and educational content made her a respected figure in children's literature, leaving a lasting impact on generations of readers.

Alberto Sordi was a versatile Italian artist acclaimed for his multifaceted contributions to cinema. He excelled as an actor, comedian, voice dubber, director, singer, composer, and screenwriter, leaving a lasting impact on Italian cinema. His collaborations with esteemed actors such as Nino Manfredi, Vittorio Gassman, and Ugo Tognazzi resulted in the creation of beloved films. Over a career spanning seven decades, Sordi evolved from voice acting and theater to achieve great success as a comedian and director, earning numerous prestigious awards for his exceptional work.

Carlo Buonaparte was a Corsican attorney who briefly worked as a personal assistant to revolutionary leader Pasquale Paoli. He fought alongside Corsican forces against the Genoese republic and later against the French invasion. Buonaparte eventually became Corsica's representative to the court of Louis XVI. His second surviving son, Napoleon, went on to become Emperor of the French. Buonaparte's children received royal titles from Napoleon and married into royalty.

Andre Dubus II was a renowned American writer celebrated for his profound impact on literature with his short stories, novels, and essays. His compelling narratives delved into themes of love, relationships, and the complexities of human nature, offering keen insights into the emotional depths of his characters. Dubus' writing style, marked by poignant realism and deep empathy, garnered critical acclaim and a loyal readership.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky was a prominent Russian mathematician and geometer known for his groundbreaking contributions to hyperbolic geometry, now known as Lobachevskian geometry. His research on Dirichlet integrals, summarized in the Lobachevsky integral formula, solidified his legacy in the field. Lobachevsky was revered by his peers and was dubbed the "Copernicus of Geometry" by William Kingdon Clifford for the transformative impact of his work. Throughout his professional career, Lobachevsky's innovative insights reshaped mathematical understanding and continue to influence geometric studies.

Bruce Bennett, also known as Herman Brix, was a versatile American actor who had a successful career in both film and television. Prior to his acting career, he achieved recognition as a college athlete in football and track-and-field, earning a silver medal at the 1928 Olympics. Over his more than four-decade-long acting career, he appeared in films before moving on to television series in the mid-1950s. Bennett's talent and commitment earned him a respected reputation in the entertainment industry.

Pierre Janet was a pioneering French psychologist, physician, philosopher, and psychotherapist renowned for his groundbreaking research in dissociation and traumatic memory. He is recognized as one of the key figures in psychology, standing alongside William James and Wilhelm Wundt. Janet was credited with establishing the link between past experiences and current disturbances, with his studies on induced somnambulism making a significant contribution to the understanding of psychological disorders and the influence of past events on mental health.

Anna Mikhailovna Larina was a dedicated figure in Soviet politics, renowned for her work to restore the reputation of her husband, Bolshevik leader Nikolai Bukharin. She played a vital role in upholding his memory, campaigning for his vindication and documenting their challenging experiences during the Stalin era. Despite facing imprisonment, exile, and labor camp difficulties, Larina persisted in her quest to vindicate her husband. Her unyielding commitment to seeking justice for Bukharin eventually resulted in his official rehabilitation in 1988.

Hu Shih was a prominent figure in China, known for his roles as a diplomat, essayist, fiction writer, literary scholar, philosopher, and politician. He played a crucial part in advocating for Chinese liberalism and language reform, particularly in promoting the use of vernacular Chinese. Hu actively participated in movements such as the May Fourth Movement and China's New Culture Movement. He also served as the president of Peking University and was recognized for his wide-ranging interests in literature, philosophy, history, textual criticism, and pedagogy. Hu gained acclaim for his critical writings on communism and the Chinese Communist Party, which initially resulted in backlash during Mao Zedong's era. However, his reputation was later restored, highlighting his moral values and significant contributions to Chinese politics and academia.

Carlos Páez Vilaró was a versatile Uruguayan artist celebrated for his abstract art, painting, pottery, sculpture, murals, writing, music composition, and construction work. His diverse talents and creations made a significant impact in the art world. Beyond his artistic pursuits, he also actively participated in the search for survivors after the 1972 Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 crash, showcasing his compassion and commitment. Vilaró's professional journey was characterized by creativity, innovation, and a profound sense of humanity.

Sir Edmund Andros was an English colonial administrator who served as governor of the Dominion of New England and various provinces in British America. His tenure was marked by authoritarianism and conflicts due to his pro-Anglican views, leading to his overthrow in the 1689 Boston revolt. Despite this, he was viewed as an effective governor in New York and Virginia, where he negotiated treaties with the Iroquois. Andros received approbation for his governance from the monarchs and governments that appointed him before eventually returning to Guernsey.

Otto Goldschmidt, a German composer and pianist of the 19th century, made significant contributions to music. As one of the first students at the Leipzig Conservatory, he became a renowned musician. Goldschmidt later moved to England and played a key role in founding the London Bach Choir. His compositions and performances left a lasting impact on the music world, securing his place as one of the greatest musicians of his era.

Marc-Antoine Charpentier was a prominent French Baroque composer celebrated for his extensive body of work and expertise across various musical styles. Influenced by Italian composers, he became renowned for his exceptional sacred vocal music compositions and oratorios. Charpentier held esteemed roles as a composer and singer for noble households and religious organizations. His diverse repertoire included operas, cantatas, symphonies, and sacred music, leaving a valuable legacy of autograph manuscripts that highlight his musical genius and lasting impact.

Johannes Wier, a Dutch physician, is renowned for his pioneering efforts to combat witch trials and persecution. He was one of the first to release a comprehensive treatise challenging witchcraft accusations. Wier's influential work, "De Praestigiis Daemonum et Incantationibus ac Venificiis" (1563), exposed the deceptions of demons, spells, and poisons. As a physician, he advocated for a more rational and compassionate approach to handling individuals accused of witchcraft, emphasizing evidence-based medicine and empathy in his professional pursuits.

Bluma Zeigarnik, a Soviet psychologist of Lithuanian origin, made notable contributions to experimental psychology. In the 1920s, she conducted a study on memory that led to the discovery of the Zeigarnik effect, which suggests that interrupted tasks are better remembered than completed ones. Post-World War II, she played a significant role in establishing experimental psychopathology as a distinct field in the Soviet Union. Zeigarnik was instrumental in the development of the Department of Psychology at Moscow State University and was honored with the Lewin Memorial Award for her research in 1983.

Mario Bunge, a prominent Argentine-Canadian philosopher and physicist, made significant contributions to scientific realism, systemism, materialism, and emergentism. He promoted the concept of "exact philosophy" and criticized existentialist, hermeneutical, phenomenological philosophy, and postmodernism. Bunge strongly opposed pseudoscience and garnered acclaim for his firm stance on the issue. His extensive body of work delved into the convergence of philosophy and science, solidifying his reputation as a key figure in the realm of philosophy of science.

Amanda Smith was a Methodist preacher and former slave renowned for her leadership in the Wesleyan-Holiness movement. She established the Amanda Smith Orphanage and Industrial Home for Abandoned and Destitute Colored Children near Chicago. Throughout her career, she spread the doctrine of entire sanctification at Methodist camp meetings worldwide. Amanda Smith dedicated her professional life to empowering marginalized communities, especially children in need, through her philanthropic initiatives and advocacy for spiritual renewal and social justice.

Richard de la Pole, also known as the "White Rose," was a claimant to the English crown and the final Yorkist contender. He lived in exile and formed an alliance with Louis XII of France during the War of the League of Cambrai. In 1514, he led a 12,000-strong army of mercenaries in a failed invasion of England. Despite planning another invasion with Francis I of France in 1523, he met his end in battle at the Battle of Pavia in 1525. His attempts to reclaim the English crown were ultimately unsuccessful.

Karl Hjalmar Branting was a notable Swedish politician and leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party. He held the position of Prime Minister of Sweden on three occasions, becoming the first Social Democratic Prime Minister in the country's history. Branting was instrumental in shaping the SAP into Sweden's leading political party, guiding them to success in numerous elections. He was a trailblazer in the realms of contemporary social democracy and democratic socialism, and his efforts were honored with the Nobel Peace Prize in 1921.

August Emil Fieldorf, also known as "Nil," was a Polish brigadier general who held a key position in the Home Army during World War II. He served as the deputy commander-in-chief of the Home Army after the Warsaw Uprising. Fieldorf was recognized for his leadership and strategic abilities in resisting the German occupation. Tragically, his military career was abruptly ended when he was executed by the communist regime in 1953.

Jahn Teigen was a renowned Norwegian artist who represented Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest on three occasions in 1978, 1982, and 1983. Known for his distinctive style and engaging performances, Teigen made significant contributions to the music and entertainment industry. His passion for music and humor, along with his international presence, particularly in Sweden, left a lasting impact on fans worldwide.

Dean Mahomed, a British Indian traveler and entrepreneur, was a pioneer in introducing Indian cuisine, shampoo baths, and therapeutic massage services to Europe. He held high social status and was known by the honorific "Sake." Mahomed was also the first Indian to publish a book in English, making significant contributions in the fields of medicine, travel, entrepreneurship, and cultural exchange between India and the Western world.

Mel Stewart was an American character actor, television director, and musician known for his work in films and television shows spanning from the 1960s to the 1990s. He gained recognition for his roles as Henry Jefferson in All in the Family and as section chief Billy Melrose in Scarecrow and Mrs. King. Stewart also went by the names Melvin Stewart and Mel Stuart in his career. His versatile performances and contributions to the entertainment industry left a lasting impact on audiences and colleagues alike.

Auguste Chouteau was a prominent figure in the history of St. Louis, Missouri. He founded the city and achieved success as a fur trader, politician, and businessman. Chouteau held a monopoly on fur trade with the Osage tribe for many years, establishing himself as a key player in the Missouri River trade. He had diverse business interests in St. Louis and maintained strong connections with the ruling powers of the time, including the French, Spanish, and American authorities.

Cecile Pearl Witherington Cornioley, known by her code names Marie and Pauline, was a key agent of the UK's Special Operations Executive in WWII. Leading the SOE Wrestler Network in central France, she worked closely with the French Resistance to disrupt Axis operations. With a network of 2,000 maquisard fighters, she played a crucial role in disrupting enemy communication and transportation. Her successful operations earned her recognition and awards from both the UK and France for her bravery and significant contributions to the war effort.

Kenneth Price was a celebrated American artist known for his ceramic sculptures, which primarily featured abstract shapes created from fired clay. He refined his skills through formal education at esteemed institutions and guidance from prominent artists such as Peter Voulkos. Price developed a unique style characterized by detailed painting using vibrant acrylic colors, often layered and sanded to reveal hidden tones. His career revolved around his studios in Venice, California, and Taos, New Mexico, where he focused on producing innovative and visually captivating ceramic pieces.

Edward W. Morley was a distinguished American scientist known for his significant achievements in chemistry and physics. He was acclaimed for his precise determination of the atomic weight of oxygen, a vital advancement in the scientific field. Morley is particularly recognized for his partnership with Albert A. Michelson in conducting the influential Michelson-Morley experiment, which revolutionized the understanding of light and the concept of ether. His commitment to exactness and meticulousness in scientific investigation solidified his lasting impact on the fields of chemistry and physics.

Bernard Loiseau was a renowned French chef known for his work at Le Relais Bernard Loiseau in Saulieu, Côte-d'Or. He achieved three Michelin stars and received a peak rating of 19.5/20 in the Gault Millau restaurant guide. Loiseau was highly influential in the culinary world during the 1980s and 1990s. However, in 2003, after facing criticism and speculation about a potential loss of a Michelin star, he tragically died by suicide. His death sparked controversy and debate surrounding the reasons behind his decision.

Larry Norman was a significant figure in American music, renowned for his contributions to Christian rock. Through his roles as a musician, singer, songwriter, record label owner, and producer, he made a lasting impression on the industry. With over 100 albums released, Norman demonstrated his talent and commitment to his art. He is celebrated as a trailblazer of Christian rock music, with his impactful work connecting with audiences globally and cementing his legacy in the genre.

Joseph Jenkins Roberts was an American-Liberian merchant who arrived in Liberia in 1829 and later became a notable politician. He made history as the first individual of African descent to lead Liberia, serving as both the first and seventh president. Prior to his presidency, Roberts also served as governor. His involvement in politics was constant, and he played a crucial role in the initial growth and administration of Liberia. Additionally, he established a prosperous trading company in Monrovia.

Ennin, also known as Jikaku Daishi, was a prominent priest of the Tendai school of Buddhism in Japan. Serving as the third Zasu, he played a vital role in expanding the Tendai Order's influence. Ennin's professional life was marked by his efforts to bring back important teachings and resources from China, including esoteric Buddhist training and Pure Land teachings. His contributions were instrumental in enhancing the Tendai school's practices and furthering its reach in Japan.

Philippe Jaccottet, a highly respected Swiss Francophone poet and translator, was known for his profound and introspective work. He made significant contributions to French literature through his poetry and translations of important literary works. Jaccottet's writing delved into themes of nature, beauty, and the human experience with a lyrical and contemplative style. His literary achievements earned him numerous awards and accolades, establishing him as a distinguished figure in the world of poetry and translation.

Æthelberht ruled as King of Kent from around 589 until his passing, playing a pivotal role in converting the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. He was the first English monarch to embrace the religion, leading to the establishment of churches and widespread conversion efforts in his kingdom. Æthelberht introduced a written code of laws for Kent, known as the earliest in any Germanic language, which included a system of fines. Additionally, he is credited with instituting royal oversight of trade and the circulation of coinage in Kent. His significant efforts in spreading Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England have led to his veneration as a saint.

Aisha Musa Ahmad, also known as Aisha al-Falatiya, was a groundbreaking Sudanese singer who defied societal norms to become a pioneer in her field. In 1942, she made history by becoming the first woman to sing on Sudanese radio, breaking barriers for female performers. Throughout the 1960s, she recorded over 150 songs and gained popularity in Sudan and Egypt. Her successful music career spanned decades and left a lasting impact on the regional music scene.

Irakli Charkviani, also known as Mepe, was a distinguished Georgian artist celebrated for his distinctive blend of music genres like alternative rock, electronic music, and hip hop. His work was characterized by a unique artistic expression that showcased his eccentric personality and profound poetry. Charkviani was recognized for his versatility and innovation, leaving a lasting influence on Georgian music and literature through his creative and experimental contributions to the cultural scene.

Dom Joseph I, also known as the Reformer, was the King of Portugal from 1750 until his death in 1777. His reign was marked by challenges such as the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 and a Spanish-French invasion in 1762. Governed under the significant influence of Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, the Marquis of Pombal, Joseph implemented notable political and administrative reforms and oversaw the construction of a new palace in Lisbon. Upon his death in 1777, he was succeeded by his eldest daughter, Queen Dona Maria I.

John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, was an English poet and Tory politician during the late Stuart period. He held various significant positions in government, including Lord Privy Seal and Lord President of the Council. Known by his original title, Lord Mulgrave, he played a key role in shaping political decisions and policies of the time. In addition to his political career, Sheffield was also recognized for his literary contributions, establishing himself as a respected poet within English literature.

Sandro Pertini, an Italian socialist politician and statesman, served as the president of Italy from 1978 to 1985. Throughout his career, he was dedicated to social justice, democracy, and human rights. Pertini played a significant role in the Italian resistance movement during World War II, fighting against fascism. He held multiple political positions, championing workers' rights and social reforms. As president, he was admired for his integrity, dedication to democratic principles, and initiatives to foster unity and progress in Italy.

Durward Knowles was a highly accomplished sailor and Olympic champion from The Bahamas. He made history by winning gold in the Star class at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and bronze at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. Knowles also competed in the 1948 Olympics for the United Kingdom. In addition to his Olympic success, he won gold in the 1959 Pan American Games. Knowles was recognized for his achievements with a knighthood in 1996 and The Bahamas' Order of Merit in 1997. His legacy was further honored when a patrol boat was named HMBS Durward Knowles in his honor.

Quanah Parker was a prominent figure in the history of the Comanche Nation, serving as a war leader during the Red River War. He was appointed as principal chief of the entire Comanche Nation by the federal government and became a key emissary to the United States legislature. In civilian life, he found success as a rancher and played a role in advocating for the legal use of peyote in Native American religious practices. He also served as deputy sheriff of Lawton and was a respected leader in his community.

Franz Waxman was a highly respected composer and conductor known for his significant contributions to film music. He created memorable scores for many classic films, receiving multiple Academy Award nominations and winning two Oscars in consecutive years. In addition to his film work, Waxman composed notable concert pieces such as the oratorio Joshua and The Song of Terezín. He also established the Los Angeles Music Festival, where he conducted premieres of works by various composers. Waxman's influence on the music industry, particularly in the realms of film and concert music, continues to be long-lasting and impactful.

Gerd von Rundstedt was a prominent German Generalfeldmarschall in the Heer of Nazi Germany during World War II. With a lengthy military career, he joined the Prussian Army in 1892 and later served as a staff officer in World War I. Recalled for World War II, he commanded crucial campaigns including the invasion of Poland and France. Despite facing challenges, he made notable contributions in significant battles like the Battle of Kiev. Throughout his career, he held various positions and faced several dismissals, ultimately being dismissed for the final time in 1945.

Arthur Heywood-Lonsdale was a prominent figure in Shropshire, serving as treasurer of the Salop Infirmary and later becoming High Sheriff of Shropshire. He made significant investments in North Vancouver, including financing Moodyville investments. Heywood-Lonsdale also purchased and improved the Shavington estate in Shropshire. He played a key role in the Shropshire County Council as an alderman and vice chairman. His professional life was marked by his contributions to various organizations and his involvement in local governance.

Hans Bellmer was a German artist known for his provocative and surreal creations, which included drawings, etchings, and life-sized female dolls made in the mid-1930s. His work, especially his illustrations for the 1940 edition of Histoire de l’œil, pushed artistic boundaries and questioned societal norms. Bellmer was also a noted Surrealist photographer, with his innovative images leaving a lasting impression on the art world. His distinctive and controversial artistic vision remains a source of inspiration and fascination for historians, artists, and enthusiasts.

Richard Hovey was an accomplished American poet who graduated from Dartmouth College in 1885. He is renowned for composing the school Alma Mater, Men of Dartmouth. Throughout his career, Hovey gained recognition for his poetic works, reflecting both his literary talent and deep connection to the academic institution. His contributions to American poetry have left a lasting impact, solidifying his place in literary history as a respected and influential figure in the field.

Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, a renowned German physicist, is celebrated for his pioneering contributions to experimental physics. He was the first professor in Germany dedicated to this field. Lichtenberg's legacy is marked by his influential posthumously published notebooks, known as Sudelbücher, and his discovery of tree-like electrical discharge patterns, now called Lichtenberg figures. His innovative research and significant contributions have firmly established him as a pioneering figure in the history of physics.

Donald Keene was a highly respected American-born Japanese scholar, historian, teacher, writer, and translator of Japanese literature. He held esteemed positions at Columbia University as University Professor emeritus and Shincho Professor Emeritus of Japanese Literature. With over fifty years of teaching experience, Keene was a notable figure in the field. After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, he permanently relocated to Japan, where he continued his literary activities. Keene, known by his poetic pen name Kīn Donarudo, made significant contributions to the understanding and appreciation of Japanese literature.

Sherri Rasmussen, a professional residing in Van Nuys, California, lost her life in a tragic incident in 1986. She was discovered beaten and shot in her apartment. The Los Angeles Police Department was initially puzzled by the case, but it was eventually resolved years later when DNA evidence connected LAPD officer Stephanie Ilene Lazarus to the crime. Rasmussen's case highlighted issues regarding evidence handling and investigative procedures within the LAPD, resulting in legal actions and appeals.

Anton Drexler was a German far-right political agitator known for his involvement in the Völkisch movement during the 1920s. He founded the German Workers' Party (DAP), which later evolved into the Nazi Party (NSDAP), characterized by its pan-German and anti-Semitic ideologies. Drexler played a significant role in mentoring and influencing Adolf Hitler, who eventually succeeded him in the NSDAP leadership. Through his political activities and leadership in the early stages of the Nazi Party, Drexler contributed to shaping the course of German history.

Pearl Lang was a respected American dancer, choreographer, and teacher known for her exceptional talent in interpreting and promoting Martha Graham's choreography style. She founded the Pearl Lang Dance Theater, where she presented her innovative works alongside her interpretations of Graham's pieces. Lang's influence on dance can be seen in productions such as "Appalachian Spring," "American Masters," and "Driven." Her creative vision, expertise, and commitment to the art form have left a lasting impression on the dance community.

Martin Julius Esslin was a multifaceted individual in the realms of theatre and academia. He was a British producer, dramatist, journalist, adaptor, translator, critic, academic scholar, and professor of drama. His significant achievement was introducing the term "theatre of the absurd" in his influential 1961 book. This concept reshaped the theatrical scene of the 1960s and established Esslin as a prominent figure in the field. With a wide range of skills and knowledge, he became a highly regarded and influential personality in the worlds of theatre and literature.

Fritz-Olof Thunberg was a well-known Swedish actor who achieved success in both film and television. He became famous for his voice acting, particularly for his role as the popular cartoon character Bamse. Thunberg's diverse skills enabled him to tackle a range of characters, demonstrating his versatility as an actor. His significant contributions to the entertainment world have made a lasting impression, and he is fondly remembered for his captivating performances that delighted audiences of all ages.

Seymour Siegel was an influential American Conservative rabbi, theologian, and educator. He spent over four decades at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, initially as a student and later as a professor. Siegel held the esteemed Ralph Simon Professor of Ethics and Theology chair, following in the footsteps of his mentor, Abraham Joshua Heschel. He was known for his advocacy of political conservatism and support for causes typically associated with liberalism, such as the ordination of female rabbis. Siegel also served as an advisor to several U.S. presidents and played a key role in the United States Holocaust Memorial Council.

Nicholas Lanier was an English composer and musician known for being the first Master of the King's Music from 1625 to 1666, a prestigious title granted to distinguished musicians. He served as a court musician, composer, and performer for King Charles I and Charles II. Lanier was also a Groom of the Chamber in their service, showcasing his versatile talents as a singer, lutenist, scenographer, and painter. His professional life was marked by his significant contributions to the royal court's musical and artistic endeavors.

Frederick Augustus II was the last ruling Grand Duke of Oldenburg. During his reign, he focused on modernizing the Grand Duchy, particularly in the areas of infrastructure, education, and industry. He implemented reforms to improve the welfare of his subjects and worked to strengthen Oldenburg's economy. Frederick Augustus II also played a diplomatic role, maintaining relations with neighboring states and participating in various royal events. His leadership was marked by a commitment to progress and development for the benefit of Oldenburg's citizens.

Li Keyong was a notable Chinese military general and politician of Shatuo ethnicity. He held the position of Jiedushi provincial military governor during the late Tang period and was instrumental in building a robust Shatuo influence in Shanxi Province, China. Later, he was designated as the Prince of Jin and guided the region towards autonomy following the downfall of the Tang dynasty. Li Keyong's career was distinguished by his military skills, strategic acumen, and significant impact on the political scene of his era.

Akram Al-Hourani was a prominent Syrian politician known for his significant role in Syrian politics during the democratic era of the 1950s. He founded and headed the Arab Socialist Party and implemented substantial reforms to foster a fairer and more equitable society, with a focus on the agricultural sector and land redistribution. Al-Hourani served in various important governmental roles, such as member of parliament, head of parliament, minister of agriculture, minister of defense, and vice-president of the United Arab Republic.

Samuel Rawson Gardiner was an English historian known for his expertise in 17th-century English history, particularly the Puritan revolution and the English Civil War. He is recognized as a foundational historian in this field. Gardiner's scholarly contributions include extensive research, analysis, and publications that have significantly shaped the understanding of this pivotal period in English history. His works are highly regarded for their meticulous attention to detail and insightful interpretations, solidifying his reputation as a leading authority on the subject.

Eli Terry Sr. was a renowned inventor and clockmaker based in Connecticut. He revolutionized the art of clockmaking by introducing mass production techniques, making clocks affordable for the average American. Terry's innovative approach to manufacturing also played a significant role in the development of interchangeable parts manufacturing. His contributions are highly regarded in American history, as he achieved interchangeable parts without any government funding. Terry's legacy as one of the most accomplished mechanics in New England during the early 19th century is evident in the village of Terryville, Connecticut, named after his son.

John Landy was a renowned Australian middle-distance runner who made history by breaking the four-minute mile barrier and setting world records in the 1500-metre run and mile race. His remarkable athletic accomplishments secured him a significant position in the annals of track and field. Moreover, Landy went on to serve as the 26th Governor of Victoria from 2001 to 2006, playing a pivotal role in public service and community improvement through his leadership and governance.

Utagawa Toyokuni was a celebrated master of ukiyo-e within the Utagawa school of Japanese woodblock artists. Renowned for his kabuki actor prints, Toyokuni demonstrated exceptional talent and creativity in his work. As the second head of the Utagawa school, he played a pivotal role in raising the school to remarkable prominence and influence in the nineteenth century. His artistic innovations and contributions have had a lasting influence on the realm of ukiyo-e art.

Étienne-Louis Malus was a French officer, engineer, physicist, and mathematician known for his significant contributions to the study of light. He participated in Napoleon's expedition to Egypt and was a member of the mathematics section of the Institut d'Égypte. Malus was elected to the Académie des Sciences and received the prestigious Rumford Medal from the Royal Society of London. His work focused on the polarization and double refraction of light, leading to the formulation of Malus's law, which describes the intensity of light passing through a polarizer.

David Hawkins was an American scientist with diverse interests in the philosophy of science, mathematics, economics, childhood science education, and ethics. He served as an administrative assistant at the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory and went on to become one of its official historians. Hawkins made significant contributions to the field of science in collaboration with Herbert A. Simon, including the discovery and proof of the Hawkins–Simon theorem. His professional life was marked by a dedication to scientific exploration, education, and historical documentation.

Jean Sablon was a respected French artist who made significant contributions to jazz music as a singer, songwriter, composer, and actor. He was a trailblazer in the industry, being the first French singer to utilize a microphone during live performances in 1936. Sablon enjoyed immense success in France and the United States throughout his six-decade-long career. He collaborated with renowned artists and played a pivotal role in promoting French songwriting on the global stage. Sablon's international tours and influential work left a lasting mark on the music industry, culminating in his retirement in 1984.

Leroy Jenkins was a celebrated American composer and violinist/violist recognized for his groundbreaking work in avant-garde jazz and contemporary classical music. His innovative fusion of traditional and experimental styles created a distinct and influential musical approach. Collaborating with renowned artists and groups, Jenkins showcased remarkable talent and creativity. His compositions and performances continue to shape the music landscape, solidifying his legacy as a visionary artist with a unique artistic perspective.

Anant Pai, also known as Uncle Pai, was an Indian educationalist and a pioneer in Indian comics. He is renowned for creating two iconic comic book series: Amar Chitra Katha, which retold traditional Indian folk tales, mythological stories, and historical biographies, and Tinkle, a popular children's anthology. Pai revolutionized the Indian comic book industry by making these stories accessible and engaging for readers of all ages. His commitment to preserving and sharing Indian culture and history through comics had a profound and lasting impact on generations.

Irving Bacheller was a prominent American journalist and writer known for founding the first modern newspaper syndicate in the United States. Throughout his career, he made significant contributions to the field of journalism by pioneering innovative methods of distributing news content. Bacheller's establishment of the newspaper syndicate revolutionized the dissemination of information, allowing for wider reach and impact. His professional life was characterized by a commitment to journalistic excellence and a dedication to advancing the field through his pioneering efforts in media distribution.

Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII served as the final Nizam of Hyderabad from 1911 to 1948. Renowned for his immense wealth, he played a key role in enhancing Hyderabad's infrastructure by establishing institutions like Osmania University and hospitals. His efforts in modernizing the state included introducing electricity, railways, and airports. Although initially hesitant to join India, his reign oversaw significant progress until Hyderabad was integrated into India by the Indian Army in 1948. Subsequently, he served as the Rajpramukh until the state's partition in 1956.

Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel KG, was a prominent English nobleman who held a significant position in the courts of all the later Tudor monarchs. Known for his loyalty and service, he played a key role in various political and military matters throughout his professional life. As a respected figure in the aristocracy, he participated in important diplomatic missions and served as a trusted advisor to the Tudor rulers. His influence and expertise in matters of state made him a central figure in the political landscape of his time.

Antoine Gizenga was a prominent Congolese politician who served as the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from December 2006 to October 2008. He was a key figure in the Unified Lumumbist Party (PALU) and held the position of Secretary-General within the party. Throughout his career, Gizenga played a significant role in Congolese politics, advocating for social justice and national unity. He was known for his dedication to serving the people of the DRC and promoting the ideals of independence and democracy.

Ahmad Maher Pasha, an Egyptian politician from the Saadist Institutional Party, served as Minister of Finance in 1938 and later became Prime Minister of Egypt in October 1944. During his time as Prime Minister, he declared war against the Axis Powers in World War II. Tragically, he was assassinated in Parliament by an Egyptian lawyer named Mahmud Issawi shortly after this announcement. Issawi was convicted of the murder and sentenced to death, but he passed away while on a hunger strike in August 1945.

Bernhard Severin Ingemann was a distinguished Danish novelist and poet recognized for his important impact on Danish literature in the 19th century. He gained esteem for his historical novels and lyrical poetry that beautifully depicted Danish culture and history. Ingemann's works frequently explored themes of love, bravery, and national pride, garnering him widespread praise and admiration from his peers. His literary pursuits were instrumental in molding Danish literature and establishing a enduring heritage in the literary realm.

Helen Sewell was an American illustrator and writer known for her work in children's literature. She achieved recognition for her illustrations in "The Thanksgiving Story" by Alice Dalgliesh, which earned her a Caldecott Medal Honor. Sewell also illustrated numerous novels that were finalists for the Newbery Medal. Her papers are archived at the University of Minnesota and Cornell University, preserving her contributions to the field of illustration and children's literature for future generations to study and appreciate.

Sven Markelius was a prominent Swedish modernist architect known for his significant contributions to post-war urban planning in Stockholm. He played a crucial role in the development of model suburbs such as Vällingby and Farsta, showcasing his innovative design approach and vision for urban living. Markelius's work left a lasting impact on the architectural landscape of Sweden, demonstrating his deep commitment to creating functional and aesthetically pleasing spaces that enhance the quality of urban life.

Wu Li was a Chinese landscape painter, Christian poet, calligrapher, and Jesuit missionary priest during the Qing Dynasty. He converted to Catholicism, became one of the first Chinese Jesuit priests, and dedicated 30 years to serving rural villages. Known for his distinct landscape painting style, influenced by notable Chinese painters, Wu chose obscurity over fame to evangelize and minister to peasants. His exceptional qualities as an intellectual, artist, and devoted priest left a lasting impact on Chinese religious and artistic history.

Osman Hamdi Bey was a prominent figure in the Ottoman Empire, known for his diverse professional career. He excelled as an administrator and intellectual, making significant contributions to art, archaeology, and museum curation. He played a crucial role in establishing archaeology and museum curatorship in Turkey as the Empire's first modern archaeologist. His legacy includes founding the Istanbul Archaeology Museums and the Istanbul Academy of Fine Arts, now the Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University. Additionally, he demonstrated his leadership abilities by serving as the first mayor of Kadıköy.

Francis, Duke of Guise, was a distinguished French general and statesman known for his leadership during the Italian War of 1551–1559 and the French Wars of Religion. He played a prominent role in military campaigns and political affairs, demonstrating strategic prowess and tactical skill. His contributions to the conflicts of his time earned him a reputation as a formidable leader. Tragically, his life was cut short when he was assassinated during the siege of Orleans in 1563, leaving a legacy of military and political achievements.

Albert "Albie" Axelrod was a distinguished American foil fencer celebrated for his remarkable talent and accomplishments in the sport. He proudly competed for the US in five Olympic Games, earning a bronze medal at the 1960 Olympics. Axelrod's legacy includes being the first American men's foil fencer to reach the finals at the world championships, a feat later matched by Gerek Meinhardt's bronze win in 2010. His career was characterized by unwavering dedication, exceptional skill, and a spirit of sportsmanship, leaving a lasting imprint on the fencing community.