Famous Deaths on November 26

Stephen Hillenburg was an accomplished American animator, writer, producer, director, voice actor, marine science educator, and entrepreneur. Best known for creating SpongeBob SquarePants in 1999, he served as the showrunner for several seasons, making it one of the longest-running American animated series. Hillenburg's career included instructing marine biology, creating educational materials, working on Rocko's Modern Life, directing The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, and receiving numerous awards for his contributions to animation and marine life awareness. Despite battling ALS, he continued to work on SpongeBob until his passing in 2018.

Sojourner Truth, an American abolitionist and activist, fought for African-American civil rights, women's rights, and alcohol temperance. She escaped slavery and made history by winning a case against a white man. In 1843, she took on the name Sojourner Truth and dedicated herself to advocating for social justice. Through powerful speeches and advocacy efforts, she helped recruit black troops during the Civil War and tirelessly worked for the rights of women and African Americans until her passing.

John Moses Browning was an influential American firearm designer renowned for his innovative contributions to military and civilian firearms. With 128 firearm patents to his name, he is considered one of the most successful designers of the 19th and 20th centuries. Browning revolutionized firearms design by developing various types of rifles, shotguns, pistols, and machine guns, including the iconic M1911 pistol and the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle. His groundbreaking inventions in autoloading mechanisms and gas operation have had a lasting impact on modern firearm technology worldwide.

Florence Foster Jenkins was an American socialite and amateur soprano renowned for her extravagant outfits and lack of singing talent. Despite her limited vocal abilities, she achieved notoriety as a beloved figure in the musical camp scene of New York City from the 1920s to the 1940s. Well-known personalities such as Cole Porter and Lily Pons admired her, and even Enrico Caruso expressed fondness and admiration for her. Her performances were often described as more of a sacrificial ordeal, akin to an early Christian facing fierce beasts, with Jenkins ultimately meeting a similar fate.

Vivien Thomas, an American laboratory supervisor, played a crucial role in developing the Blalock–Thomas–Taussig shunt procedure to treat cyanotic heart disease. Despite his lack of formal education or research experience, he supervised surgical laboratories at Johns Hopkins University for 35 years. In recognition of his contributions, he was awarded an honorary doctorate and appointed as an Instructor of Surgery at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Thomas's impact as a pioneer in cardiac surgery and educator of surgical techniques remains a source of inspiration for many prominent surgeons.

Isabella I of Castile, known as Isabella the Catholic, was Queen of Castile and León from 1474 until her death in 1504. Alongside her husband King Ferdinand II of Aragon, she reorganized the government, reduced crime rates, cleared the kingdom's debt, and played a pivotal role in unifying Spain. Their reign saw the end of the Reconquista, the expulsion of Jews, the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition, support for Christopher Columbus's voyage to the New World, and the ascension of Spain as a major European power during the Spanish Golden Age.

Bernardo Bertolucci was a renowned Italian film director and screenwriter with a career spanning 50 years. He is considered one of the greatest directors in Italian cinema and achieved international success with films like The Last Emperor, for which he won an Academy Award for Best Director. Bertolucci's work frequently explored themes of politics, sexuality, and social taboos, making a significant impact on filmmakers. His films, such as The Conformist and Last Tango in Paris, are regarded as classics of international cinema and have garnered numerous awards and nominations.

Tommy Dorsey, also known as Thomas Francis Dorsey Jr., was a prominent figure in American jazz during the big band era. His mastery of the trombone and smooth playing style earned him the nickname "Sentimental Gentleman of Swing." Dorsey's technical expertise on the trombone was widely admired by his peers in the music industry. He led a successful band from the late 1930s to the 1950s, producing hit songs like "Opus One" and "I'll Never Smile Again," leaving a lasting impact on the music scene.

Paul Rand was a prominent American art director and graphic designer known for his iconic corporate logo designs, including those for IBM, UPS, Enron, Morningstar, Inc., Westinghouse, ABC, and NeXT. He was an early adopter of the Swiss Style of graphic design in the United States. Rand also served as a professor of graphic design at Yale University, where he taught for several years. His contributions to the field earned him a place in the New York Art Directors Club Hall of Fame.

Adam Mickiewicz, a prominent Polish poet, dramatist, essayist, and political activist, is widely regarded as Poland's greatest poet and a key figure in Polish Romanticism. His works, including Dziady and Pan Tadeusz, inspired uprisings against imperial powers. Mickiewicz actively fought for independence for his home region, lived in exile in central Russia, and later settled in Rome and Paris. In these cities, he lectured on Slavic literature and advocated for a democratic and independent Poland.

Lieutenant Commander Edward Henry O'Hare, an American naval aviator of the United States Navy, made history during World War II. He became the Navy's first fighter ace by bravely engaging an enemy bomber formation, successfully downing five planes despite limited ammunition. O'Hare was honored with the Medal of Honor for his courageous actions. In his final mission, he led the Navy's inaugural nighttime fighter attack from an aircraft carrier before his plane was shot down. O'Hare's legacy endures through the USS O'Hare destroyer and O'Hare International Airport.

Fritz Weaver was a prolific American actor with a career spanning nearly 60 years. He appeared in over 170 theatre, television, and film productions, showcasing his versatility and talent. Known for his Tony Award-winning performance in "Child's Play" and his portrayal of Sherlock Holmes in "Baker Street," Weaver was also acclaimed for his Shakespearean roles. His on-screen credits include notable films like "Fail Safe," "Marathon Man," and "The Thomas Crown Affair." Weaver's television work, including his role in "Holocaust" and appearances in science fiction shows, further solidified his reputation as a respected and versatile actor.

Ronald David Lyle, an American professional boxer, was renowned for his formidable punching power, exciting fighting style, and bravery in the ring. Competing from 1971 to 1980, he vied for the world heavyweight championship in 1975, ultimately losing to Muhammad Ali. Lyle secured victories against notable opponents including Buster Mathis, Oscar Bonavena, and Earnie Shavers. His epic clash with George Foreman in 1976 was honored as the Fight of the Year by The Ring magazine, highlighting Lyle's determination and skill in the boxing arena.

Rachel Roberts was a celebrated Welsh actress recognized for her outstanding performances in acclaimed films such as "Saturday Night and Sunday Morning" and "This Sporting Life." She won the BAFTA Award for Best British Actress for her role in the latter and was also nominated for an Academy Award. Roberts made notable appearances in movies like "Murder on the Orient Express," "Picnic at Hanging Rock," and "Yanks." In addition to her film work, she had a successful theater career, receiving a Tony Award nomination and winning a Drama Desk Award.

Stan Berenstain was an American writer and illustrator who, along with his wife Jan Berenstain, co-created the beloved children's book series The Berenstain Bears. Together, they worked on writing and illustrating numerous books in the series, which became a staple in children's literature. The Berenstain Bears books tackled various moral lessons and family dynamics in a relatable and engaging way, making them popular among readers of all ages. Stan's creative vision and artistic talent played a crucial role in bringing the lovable bear family to life on the pages of their books.

Chukwuemeka "Emeka" Odumegwu Ojukwu was a Nigerian military officer and politician who served as President of the Republic of Biafra from 1967 to 1970 during the Nigerian Civil War. He was educated in Nigeria and England, later joining the Nigerian army. Ojukwu climbed the military ranks and eventually became the military governor of the Eastern Region of Nigeria. He played a crucial role in the events leading to the Nigerian Civil War, including declaring the independent state of Biafra in response to Igbo demands for secession.

Gary Rhodes was a highly respected English restaurateur and television chef known for his love of English cuisine and ingredients. He became famous for his distinctive spiked hairdo and was a prominent figure on cooking shows like MasterChef, MasterChef USA, and Hell's Kitchen. Rhodes also starred in his own show, Rhodes Around Britain, and appeared on programs such as Saturday Cooks and Local Food Hero. Apart from owning several restaurants, he expanded into cookware and bread mixes, making a significant mark in the culinary industry.

Sabah, a famous Lebanese singer and actress, was celebrated for her expertise in the traditional music style of mawwal. Known for her powerful voice, she was nicknamed "Al-Shahroura" and "Shahruret el-Wadi." Sabah left a lasting impression on the Middle Eastern music industry and starred in various Egyptian films and songs. Throughout her professional journey, she showcased outstanding vocal skills and mesmerized audiences with her captivating performances.

Hemant Karkare was the chief of the Mumbai Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS) and played a crucial role in combating terrorism in India. He succeeded K. P. Raghuvanshi as the Chief of ATS in January 2008 and led investigations into several high-profile cases, including the 2008 Malegaon blasts. Karkare's leadership and investigative skills were evident in his successful resolution of serial bombing cases in Thane, Vashi, and Panvel. His dedication to duty and ultimate sacrifice during the 2008 Mumbai attacks earned him India's highest peacetime gallantry decoration, the Ashoka Chakra.

Daria Nicolodi was a talented Italian actress, screenwriter, and muse to director Dario Argento. She left a lasting mark on the television and film industry with her significant contributions to various projects. Nicolodi's work featured compelling performances and impactful scriptwriting, shaping the aesthetic and narrative aspects of numerous films. Her collaborations with Argento were particularly noteworthy, making her an essential creative force behind several iconic works in Italian cinema.

Guy Lewis II was a prominent figure in American basketball, known for his contributions as both a player and coach. Serving as the head men's basketball coach at the University of Houston for three decades, he led the Houston Cougars to five Final Four appearances. His teams in the 1980s, dubbed Phi Slama Jama, were known for their high-flying style of play and reached the national championship game twice. Lewis's impact on the sport was recognized with inductions into the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame and the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.

Oliver Ellsworth was a notable Founding Father of the United States, recognized for his involvement in drafting the United States Constitution, serving as a United States senator from Connecticut, and becoming the third chief justice of the United States. He made significant contributions to the federal judiciary by spearheading the Judiciary Act of 1789. During his time in the Senate, Ellsworth aligned with the Federalist Party and backed important legislative proposals by Alexander Hamilton. As chief justice, he promoted a unified method of opinion writing and additionally acted as an envoy to France.

Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, a German courier pilot during World War II, joined the Nazi Party despite his reservations about Adolf Hitler. He served in the Luftwaffe on the Eastern Front. He lost his British and Irish prince titles in World War I and became the heir to his house in 1932. He remained unmarried and tragically died in action during the war.

Reinhard Scheer was a distinguished Admiral in the Imperial German Navy. He began his naval career as an officer cadet in 1879 and progressed through various roles, eventually commanding cruisers and battleships. Over time, he held senior staff positions and went on to lead the II Battle Squadron and later the III Battle Squadron. In 1916, he was promoted to Admiral and assumed command of the High Seas Fleet, which he led in the Battle of Jutland. Following the battle, he supported the implementation of unrestricted submarine warfare. In 1918, he was appointed Chief of Naval Staff before retiring at the end of World War I.

Charles White Whittlesey was a distinguished United States Army officer known for his leadership during World War I. As a Medal of Honor recipient, he gained recognition for commanding the Lost Battalion in the intense Meuse–Argonne offensive. Whittlesey's strategic expertise and bravery were evident in his actions during the war. Despite his professional success, he tragically ended his own life by drowning at the age of 37 while en route to Havana. His legacy as a courageous military leader remains an important part of American military history.

Natalia Pushkina was renowned for her literary talents and dedication to social activism. A writer, translator, and editor, she made significant contributions to various literary publications. Pushkina was deeply committed to advancing Russian literature and culture, frequently hosting literary salons and events to champion up-and-coming writers. She also played a crucial part in upholding and celebrating the memory of her late husband, Alexander Pushkin. Furthermore, Pushkina actively engaged in charitable endeavors, backing a range of causes and initiatives to support individuals in need.

Max Euwe was a versatile professional who excelled in multiple areas. He was a celebrated Dutch chess player, mathematician, author, and chess administrator. Euwe held the title of World Chess Champion from 1935 to 1937 and made notable contributions to the chess world. He also served as the President of FIDE, the World Chess Federation, from 1970 to 1978. Euwe's impact on the chess community was enduring due to his playing abilities, academic achievements, and leadership positions.

Joseph E. Murray was a pioneering American plastic surgeon credited with performing the first successful human kidney transplant in 1954. His revolutionary work in organ transplantation led to him being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990, which he shared with E. Donnall Thomas. Murray's contributions to medicine transformed the treatment of human diseases through the transplantation of organs and cells. His groundbreaking efforts continue to have a profound impact on the medical field, resulting in the saving of numerous lives globally.

Harold Sidney Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere, was a notable British newspaper proprietor who played a significant role in shaping the Daily Mail and the Daily Mirror through his ownership of Associated Newspapers Ltd. He was a pioneer in popular tabloid journalism and his descendants continue to oversee the Daily Mail and General Trust. Rothermere's media influence included promoting peaceful relations between Germany and the UK, although he later openly endorsed fascism and Nazi Germany, contributing to the rise in popularity of these ideologies during the 1930s.

Wild Bill Elliott was an American film actor known for portraying rugged heroes in B Westerns, with a focus on the Red Ryder series of films. His career was marked by his strong screen presence and ability to embody the characteristics of a Western hero. Elliott's performances were characterized by his stoic demeanor, expert marksmanship, and dedication to justice. He became a popular figure in the Western film genre, with his roles leaving a lasting impact on audiences and solidifying his legacy as a notable Western actor.

Ashley Montagu was a prominent British-American anthropologist known for popularizing the study of race, gender, politics, and development. He played a significant role as the rapporteur for the UNESCO "statement on race" in 1950. Montagu taught at various prestigious universities in the United States and authored over 60 books during his career. Despite facing challenges during the McCarthy era, he successfully repositioned himself as a public intellectual in the 1950s and 1960s, making regular appearances on television and contributing to magazines and newspapers. He was honored as the Humanist of the Year in 1995 by the American Humanist Association.

Charles E. Whittaker had a notable legal career that began in private practice in Kansas City. He later served on the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, and eventually on the United States Supreme Court. He was known as a swing vote during his time on the Court but resigned in 1962 due to a nervous breakdown. After leaving the Supreme Court, he worked as chief counsel for General Motors and expressed criticism of the Civil Rights Movement and the Warren Court.

Jóhann K. Pétursson, also known as the Icelandic Giant and the Viking Giant, was a celebrated circus performer and actor. Standing at a remarkable height of 2.34 meters and weighing 163 kilograms at his peak, he mesmerized crowds with his imposing stature. His extraordinary charisma and distinctive physical characteristics made him a favored figure in the world of entertainment. Pétursson's professional journey was defined by his remarkable skills, powerful presence on stage, and his capacity to make a lasting impact on all who experienced his shows.

Herb McKenley, a renowned Jamaican track and field sprinter, achieved remarkable success in the sport. He was a multiple-time Olympian, securing one gold and three silver medals. McKenley also set world records in several sprinting disciplines and was the sole individual to reach the final in the 100m, 200m, and 400m events at the Olympics. Following his retirement from competitive athletics, he transitioned into coaching and held the position of president at the Jamaica Amateur Athletics Association. McKenley made significant contributions to the advancement of track and field in Jamaica through his coaching and administrative roles.

Amelita Galli-Curci, an Italian lyric coloratura soprano, was highly acclaimed for her exceptional singing talent. She was celebrated as one of the most renowned operatic singers of the 20th century, captivating audiences worldwide with her mesmerizing performances. Galli-Curci's recordings were in high demand, showcasing her popularity and influence in the music industry. Her remarkable vocal range and technical skill firmly established her as a leading soprano of her era.

Yeshi Dhonden was a Tibetan doctor specializing in traditional Tibetan medicine. He served as the personal physician to the 14th Dalai Lama for nearly two decades. Known for his expertise and dedication to preserving and promoting Tibetan healing practices, Dhonden gained recognition for his contributions to the field of alternative medicine. In 2018, he was honored by the Indian government with the Padma Shri award, acknowledging his significant impact and accomplishments in the realm of healthcare.

Mark Roth was a highly successful American professional bowler who achieved significant accomplishments in his career. He won 34 PBA Tour titles, making him one of the top bowlers in history. Known for his dominance from 1975 to 1987, Roth made 107 televised finals appearances, earned 33 titles, and secured four PBA Player of the Year awards. He also made history by being the first professional bowler to convert a 7–10 split on national television, showcasing his exceptional skill and talent in the sport.

Louisette Bertholle was a renowned French cooking teacher and writer, famous for co-authoring the widely popular cookbook Mastering the Art of French Cooking with Julia Child and Simone Beck. Together, they established the cooking school L'École des Trois Gourmandes and released the successful book What's Cooking in France. Overcoming personal and financial obstacles, Bertholle redefined herself and received praise for their legendary cookbook. She remained active in writing and making contributions to the culinary field, leaving a significant mark on French cuisine.

Bill Hartack was a renowned jockey who achieved Hall of Fame status due to his impressive skills and success in horse racing. His professional career was marked by numerous victories and accolades in the sport. Known for his exceptional talent and strategic race-riding abilities, Hartack gained a reputation as one of the top jockeys of his time. His contributions to horse racing left a lasting impact on the industry, solidifying his legacy as a true master of the sport.

Jonas Žemaitis, known as Vytautas, was a Lithuanian general and freedom fighter who played a significant role in resisting Soviet occupation. He served in the Lithuanian military, rising to the rank of captain and commanding artillery units. Following the Soviet occupation, Žemaitis remained active in service but later refused to serve the Nazis. He retired and worked as a technician before joining the Lithuanian partisans. He established the Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters and led the resistance against Soviet occupation until his arrest and execution in 1954.

Bob Johnson was a highly successful American ice hockey coach, known for his leadership in both college and professional hockey. He achieved significant accomplishments coaching the Wisconsin Badgers, leading them to three NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championships. Johnson also coached the United States men's national ice hockey team at the 1976 Winter Olympics and various other major championships. He later coached the Calgary Flames, reaching a Stanley Cup Finals in 1986. His crowning achievement came with the Pittsburgh Penguins in 1991, winning the Stanley Cup Finals. Johnson's infectious enthusiasm and famous catchphrase "It's a great day for hockey!" endeared him to players and fans alike.

Joseph Henry Thayer was a highly respected American Biblical scholar who made significant contributions to biblical studies, especially in the area of New Testament Greek. He was well-known for his expertise in Greek language and literature, and for his authorship of the influential Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. Thayer's commitment to academia and his efforts to advance biblical scholarship have had a lasting impact on the field.

Edwin Ernest Salpeter was a distinguished astrophysicist celebrated for his groundbreaking contributions to the field. His research significantly advanced the understanding of stellar structure, nucleosynthesis, and star evolution. Salpeter's work on stellar structure theory, element formation in the universe, and the development of the theory of stellar populations has had a lasting impact on astrophysics. Additionally, his studies on neutron stars and black holes were pivotal in shaping our understanding of these phenomena. Today, Salpeter's pioneering research and insights continue to shape the field of astrophysics.

ʻAnaseini Takipō Afuhaʻamango served as the Queen of Tonga from 1909 to 1918, alongside her husband King George Tupou II. During her reign, she played a significant role in supporting her husband in matters of governance and diplomacy. As Queen, she was known for her grace, intelligence, and dedication to serving the people of Tonga. Her presence and influence in the royal court were highly regarded, and she left a lasting legacy as a respected and beloved figure in Tongan history.

Albert Sarraut, a distinguished French Radical politician, served as Prime Minister twice during the Third Republic. He held important ministerial positions, including Minister of Public Works and Minister of the Interior. Sarraut was recognized for his progressive policies, which included the implementation of social welfare programs and support for education reform. His leadership was crucial in shaping French politics during a challenging period in the early 20th century, establishing him as a respected statesman and leader.

Thomas Andrews was an Irish chemist and physicist known for his important research on phase transitions between gases and liquids. He made significant contributions to the study of substances at critical points and properties of matter under different conditions. As a distinguished professor at Queen's University of Belfast, his groundbreaking work has had a lasting impact on the field of physical chemistry. Andrews is widely recognized as a pioneering scientist of the 19th century.

Savitri Bai Khanolkar was a Swiss-Indian designer known for creating India's highest military decoration, the Param Vir Chakra, as well as other major gallantry medals. Her expertise in Indian culture, Sanskrit, and Vedas influenced the design of these prestigious awards. She was also a talented painter and artist. Khanolkar's professional legacy includes designing several significant military decorations and contributing to India's recognition of bravery and valor in combat. Her work continues to honor the courageous individuals who have displayed acts of valor during wartime.

Gregório de Matos was a celebrated Portuguese Baroque poet in Colonial Brazil recognized for his satirical writings, notably targeting the Catholic Church. His daring and provocative poems led to him being dubbed "Boca do Inferno" (Hell's Mouth). Alongside his lyrical and religious works, his satirical pieces were particularly notable. He was honored with the role of the patron of the 16th chair at the Brazilian Academy of Letters, highlighting his substantial impact on Brazilian literature and poetry.

Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane was a prominent Comorian politician, serving as a member of the French Senate from 1959 to 1973. He later became the President of the Comoros, holding office from 1978 until his assassination in 1989. Throughout his career, Ahmed Abdallah played a crucial role in shaping the political landscape of the Comoros, working towards the betterment of his nation and advocating for its interests both domestically and internationally. His leadership and dedication left a lasting impact on the country's governance and development.

Robert Edmond Jones was an influential American scenic, lighting, and costume designer known for incorporating new stagecraft into American drama. His innovative designs aimed to integrate scenic elements with storytelling, characterized by a style of simplified realism using bold colors and dramatic lighting. Jones' work spanned various productions on Broadway, including successful collaborations with the Theatre Guild. He also designed for early Technicolor films and was involved in the Experimental Theatre, Inc. Jones published articles and books on theatre design, with "The Dramatic Imagination" being a seminal work in modern stage design.

Sebastiano Timpanaro was an Italian classical philologist, essayist, and literary critic known for his long-time dedication to left-wing political causes and Marxism. He made significant contributions to both the fields of classical studies and literary criticism. Timpanaro's work often focused on analyzing the relationship between literature, ideology, and politics. He was recognized for his critical insights into the works of classical authors and for his Marxist interpretations of texts. Additionally, his atheistic views influenced his scholarly approach to literature.

Saliha, also known as Sallouha, was a prominent Tunisian singer renowned for her rich repertoire and deep voice. She began her career in 1938 at the inauguration of Radio Tunis, captivating audiences with her performances. Joining The Rachidia was a significant milestone, where renowned musicians composed songs for her. Saliha's charisma and exceptional talent earned her the title "kawkab echarq ettounnisia" from critics. Her profound impact on Tunisian music during the first half of the 20th century solidified her legacy as a celebrated artist.

Antanas Baranauskas was a versatile figure known for his significant contributions in multiple areas. He was a celebrated Lithuanian poet, mathematician, and Catholic bishop of Sejny. His renowned work includes the Lithuanian poem "Anykščių šilelis." Baranauskas used various pseudonyms such as A.B., Bangputys, Jurksztas Smalaūsis, Jurkštas Smalaūsis, and Baronas in his literary pursuits. Besides his achievements in Lithuanian literature, he also delved into Polish poetry, highlighting his diverse linguistic skills and cultural interests.

Pavel Kiselyov was a prominent Russian reformer known for his significant contributions during Nicholas I's conservative reign. His professional life was marked by a deep commitment to modernizing and reforming various aspects of Russian society, including education, agriculture, and governance. Kiselyov's progressive ideas and initiatives aimed to improve the welfare and efficiency of the Russian state, earning him a reputation as one of the most brilliant reformers of his time. His legacy as a visionary thinker and influential figure in Russian history endures to this day.

Marit Allen was a renowned English fashion journalist and costume designer recognized for her exceptional work in crafting costumes for hit Hollywood movies. Over a career that lasted more than three decades, she created costumes for acclaimed films like Mrs. Doubtfire, The Witches, Eyes Wide Shut, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, Brokeback Mountain, and La Vie en Rose. Through her skill and proficiency in film costume design, she played a pivotal role in enhancing the visual narratives of these movies, cementing her reputation as a leading figure in the field.

Henry Ireton was a prominent English general in the Parliamentarian army during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. He demonstrated strategic prowess and military leadership in several key battles, playing a significant role in the conflict. Known for his loyalty to the Parliamentarian cause and his close association with Oliver Cromwell, Ireton's successful campaigns and decisive victories earned him a reputation as a skilled and respected commander. His contributions were instrumental in shaping the outcome of the conflict.

Saul Leiter was an American photographer and painter known for his significant contributions to the New York school of photography during the 1940s and 1950s. His early work played a vital role in shaping the artistic landscape of the time. Leiter's unique style and innovative use of color helped distinguish him as a pioneering figure in the world of photography. Through his creative vision and experimentation, he left a lasting impact on the art world, inspiring future generations of photographers.

Aleksey Mikhailovich Remizov was a Russian modernist writer renowned for his imaginative and fantastical literary creations. He was also a notable calligrapher, working to revive this art form in Russia. Remizov's distinct storytelling style and creativity made him stand out in the literary realm. His works frequently explored the bizarre and fantastical, displaying his skill in crafting intricate and engaging narratives celebrated for their originality and depth.

H.H. Price was a prominent Welsh philosopher known for his substantial contributions to the fields of philosophy of perception and parapsychology. His extensive research and prolific writing established him as an authoritative figure in these areas. Price's work focused on human perception, consciousness, parapsychology, and the supernatural, influencing philosophical discussions and debates in these realms.

Bushrod Washington was an American attorney and politician who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1798 to 1829. He had a close alliance with Chief Justice John Marshall during his time on the Court. Washington was also a co-founder and president of the American Colonization Society, which promoted the emigration of freed slaves to Africa. Furthermore, he inherited George Washington's papers and Mount Vernon, and later published a biography of the first president with Marshall's help.

Fidel Castro was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who led Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as prime minister from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. He was a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, also holding the position of first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1965 to 2011. During his leadership, Cuba transformed into a one-party communist state with nationalized industries, socialist reforms, and a firm anti-imperialist stance.

Konrad Wachsmann was a German Jewish modernist architect renowned for his pioneering work in mass-producing building components. Trained initially as a cabinetmaker, he later studied at arts-and-crafts schools in Berlin and Dresden, gaining experience as an architect for a timber building manufacturer. In 1941, he immigrated to the United States where he collaborated with Walter Gropius and developed the innovative "Packaged House System." Wachsmann also designed mobile aircraft hangars for the US Air Force and contributed to the construction of a simulated German village for wartime training. He went on to teach at reputable architecture schools and was recognized for his exceptional professional achievements.

Pope Siricius served as the bishop of Rome from December 384 until his passing. A notable figure in early Christianity, he responded to inquiries from Bishop Himerius of Tarragona by issuing the Directa decretal, which contained decrees related to baptism, church discipline, and other important matters. His decretals are considered the oldest completely preserved papal documents. Siricius is often credited as the first bishop of Rome to use the title of pope, marking an important development in the history of the papacy.

Stephen Sondheim was a revolutionary American composer and lyricist who reshaped the landscape of 20th-century musical theater. Collaborating with renowned partners like Harold Prince and James Lapine, Sondheim delved into complex and unconventional themes, pushing the boundaries of traditional musical storytelling. His iconic works, including "Sweeney Todd" and "Into the Woods," showcased his unparalleled talent for crafting intricate music and lyrics that explored the depths of the human experience. Throughout his illustrious career, Sondheim garnered numerous prestigious awards and accolades, solidifying his legacy as a master of the art form.

Erna Fentsch was a talented German actress and screenwriter known for her work in the film industry during the 1930s and 1940s. She made a significant impact with her appearances in a total of 18 films between 1932 and 1944, showcasing her versatility and skill as a performer. Through her contributions as both an actress and screenwriter, Erna Fentsch left a lasting legacy in the world of cinema, earning recognition for her dedication and passion for the art of storytelling on the silver screen.

Leonid Lavrovsky was a prominent Soviet and Russian ballet dancer and choreographer acclaimed for his groundbreaking contributions. He gained fame for choreographing the first complete version of Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet, a production that became a landmark in the ballet world. Lavrovsky's innovative choreography and artistic vision had a lasting impact on the field of dance. He is recognized as a pioneer in ballet and a significant figure in Russian ballet history.

John Loudon McAdam was a Scottish civil engineer and road-builder who invented the process of "macadamisation" to create durable, less muddy roads with a smooth hard surface. His innovative method utilized controlled materials of mixed particle size and predetermined structure. McAdam's impact on road construction endures, as seen in advancements such as incorporating tar to bind road surface stones, resulting in the development of "tarmac" (Tar Macadam).

Annemarie Düringer, a celebrated Swiss actress, had a distinguished career in the performing arts. She trained at prestigious institutions including Cours Simon in Paris and the Max Reinhardt Seminar in Vienna. Joining the Vienna Burgtheater in 1949, she excelled in notable roles, garnering recognition and awards for her talent. Düringer remained dedicated to the craft throughout her life, leaving a lasting impact on the world of acting.

Raymond Westerling, a Dutch military officer, is renowned for leading a counter-guerrilla operation in Sulawesi during the Indonesian National Revolution after World War II. He also played a role in a coup attempt against the Government of Indonesia in January 1950. These actions were condemned as war crimes by Indonesian authorities. Westerling, who was nicknamed "The Turk," had a diverse background with Dutch and Greek roots.

Mary Hinkson was a pioneering African American dancer and choreographer renowned for shattering racial barriers in modern and ballet dance. She achieved acclaim as a member of the Martha Graham Dance Company, where her talent and artistry flourished. Hinkson's professional life was marked by her exceptional skill, innovative choreography, and dedication to pushing boundaries in the dance world. Through her impactful performances and groundbreaking work, she left a lasting legacy in the realm of dance, inspiring generations to come.

Frederick William Faber was a notable English hymnwriter and theologian recognized for his transition from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism. Ordained as a Catholic priest in 1847, he gained acclaim for his hymn "Faith of Our Fathers". Faber dedicated his career to religious topics and was praised for his influence on hymnody and theology. His conversion and service as a Catholic priest greatly shaped his professional trajectory and lasting impact.

Edward Johnston was a British craftsman known as the father of modern calligraphy. He revolutionized calligraphy by promoting the use of the broad-edged pen. His most famous work is the Johnston sans-serif typeface, which was utilized across the London Underground system for decades. Johnston also redesigned the iconic roundel symbol used throughout the system. His influence on typography and design continues to be felt to this day, making him a significant figure in the history of graphic design and visual communication.

Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff was a versatile German writer known for his contributions to Romanticism. He excelled as a poet, novelist, playwright, literary critic, translator, and anthologist, gaining fame for works such as the novella "Memoirs of a Good-for-Nothing" and his poetry. His writing often explores themes of wanderlust, love, and the interplay between dream world and realism. Eichendorff's pieces showcase his talent for blending nature, folk elements, and fairy tale motifs.

Frederick Broome was a distinguished colonial administrator in the British Empire, serving in various locations including Natal, Mauritius, Western Australia, Barbados, and Trinidad and Tobago. He is renowned for his significant contributions to the regions he served, earning him the honor of having towns named after him. Broome's professional life was marked by his dedication to governance and public service, as evidenced by his tenure in different colonial posts and his enduring legacy in the form of the towns that bear his name.

Bernard Lonergan was a Canadian Jesuit priest, philosopher, and theologian known for his significant contributions to 20th-century thought. He authored important works such as "Insight: A Study of Human Understanding" and "Method in Theology," along with studies on Thomas Aquinas, theological textbooks, and essays on various topics. Lonergan held prestigious academic appointments at institutions such as the Pontifical Gregorian University, Regis College, Boston College, and Harvard University. His extensive body of work is encapsulated in the 25-volume Collected Works published by the University of Toronto Press.

Coventry Patmore was an English poet and literary critic recognized for his book of poetry, The Angel in the House, centered on the Victorian concept of a fulfilling marriage. He began his career at the British Museum in London, later gaining acclaim for his debut poetry collection in 1844, which connected him with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. The passing of his first wife deeply impacted his later works, shaping his artistic style.

Siegfried Kracauer, a prominent German writer, journalist, sociologist, cultural critic, and film theorist, was known for his association with the Frankfurt School of critical theory. Emphasizing the significance of realism in cinema, he made substantial contributions to the field. Throughout his career, Kracauer analyzed and critiqued societal and cultural phenomena, with a particular focus on film and media. His influential writings continue to shape discussions on the role of cinema in reflecting and shaping reality.

Feng Youlan, a renowned Chinese philosopher, historian, and writer, made significant contributions to the modern study of Chinese philosophy. He played a vital role in reintroducing and promoting the study of Chinese philosophy within academic circles in both China and internationally. His work, published in English as 'Fung Yu-lan', continues to have a lasting impact on philosophical discourse, influencing scholars such as Wing-tsit Chan.

Martha P. Falconer made notable contributions as a pioneer social reformer, holding leadership positions in institutions dedicated to the welfare and rehabilitation of girls and women. She served as superintendent of the House of Refuge in Philadelphia, the Sleighton Farm School for Girls, and the Glen Mills schools. Falconer also played a crucial role during World War I by overseeing reformatories and detention homes for girls nationwide, establishing women police bureaus, and securing funding for healthcare facilities at training schools for girls.

Sir James Steuart, a prominent Scottish Jacobite, is renowned for writing one of the earliest systematic treatises on economics in English. He was the first to use 'political economy' in a book title and made significant contributions to economic literature, paving the way for further developments in the field of economics.

Roger de Pont L'Évêque, Archbishop of York from 1154 to 1181, began his career as Archdeacon of Canterbury under Archbishop Theobald of Bec. He served alongside Thomas Becket and later succeeded William FitzHerbert as Archbishop of York in 1154. He oversaw the reconstruction of York Minster during his tenure. Being caught up in the conflict between King Henry II and Becket, he was excommunicated by Becket in 1170. Following his suspension from office by the pope, he was reinstated in 1171 and continued his duties until his passing in 1181.

J. E. H. MacDonald was a prominent English-Canadian artist known for his participation in the Group of Seven, a collective that aimed to define a distinct Canadian artistic identity. He was instrumental in shaping the Canadian art scene during the early twentieth century. MacDonald's artwork primarily emphasized the splendor of the Canadian landscape, reflecting his unique artistic approach and perspective. His creative contributions fostered a sense of national pride and admiration for Canada's natural beauty among the public.

Karl August von Hardenberg was a Prussian statesman and Chief Minister known for implementing Liberal reforms early in his career. He played a significant role in improving Prussia's army system, abolishing serfdom and feudal burdens, opening the civil service to all classes, and reforming the educational system. Although he later supported reactionary policies, his earlier contributions alongside Baron vom Stein were vital in shaping the progressive changes that impacted various aspects of Prussian society and governance.

Angelika Hurwicz was a prominent German actress and theatre director known for her collaboration with Bertolt Brecht at the Berliner Ensemble. She later became the first female director at the Burgtheater in 1978. Despite facing obstacles due to her Jewish descent during the Nuremberg Laws era, she received private training and went on to have a successful career in the theater world. Hurwicz's professional life was marked by her contributions to the stage and her significant impact on the theater industry.

Elrey Borge Jeppesen, an American aviation pioneer, made significant contributions to air navigation by developing advanced navigation tools, documenting routes, and creating manuals and charts that enhanced aviation safety. In 1934, he founded the Jeppesen company to commercialize his innovative navigation products, revolutionizing the aviation industry with his dedication to improving navigation methods. His work continues to influence the industry today.

Bengt Ekerot was a celebrated Swedish actor and stage director known for his unforgettable depiction of Death in Ingmar Bergman's classic film The Seventh Seal (1957). Alongside his remarkable acting achievements, Ekerot demonstrated his directorial prowess by managing the debut of Eugene O'Neill's renowned play, Long Day's Journey into Night in 1956. His significant contributions to both cinema and theater established him as a versatile and talented artist who left a lasting mark on the industry.

Vajiravudh, also known as Rama VI, was the sixth king of Siam from the Chakri dynasty. He reigned from 1910 to 1925 and focused on promoting Siamese nationalism, fostering democracy, and avoiding involvement in World War I. His interests included Siamese history, archaeology, literature, economics, politics, and world affairs. Notably, he founded Chulalongkorn University, the country's first university. Vajiravudh's professional life was dedicated to advancing his nation's cultural and educational institutions while navigating global political complexities.

Arnold Zweig, a well-known German Jewish writer, was recognized for his works as a pacifist and socialist. His six-part cycle on World War I revealed his profound understanding of the consequences of war. Zweig's literary works focused on themes of social justice, peace, and the human experience in times of conflict. Through his writing, he promoted pacifism and socialism, making a lasting impression on the literary community with his impactful and thought-provoking works.

Julio Sosa, also known as El Varón del Tango, was a renowned Uruguayan tango singer who rose to fame in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1949. Teaming up with the Orquesta Francini-Pontier and other orchestras, Sosa's strong vocals and authoritative presence established him as a key figure in tango music. His collaboration with bandoneonist Armando Pontier resulted in several hit albums. Sosa's move to Columbia Records in 1961 further cemented his reputation, propelling the Pontier orchestra to the top of its genre.

Michael Bentine was a prominent British comedian, comic actor, and founding member of the influential comedy group, the Goons. Known for his innovative and surreal humor, he made significant contributions to British comedy through his work in radio, television, and film. Bentine's comedic talents and creative approach to comedy helped shape the landscape of British entertainment during his career. His legacy continues to be celebrated for his unique contributions to comedy and his lasting impact on the industry.

Joy Paul Guilford was an influential American psychologist recognized for his groundbreaking work in psychometrics and the study of human intelligence. He is best known for introducing the concepts of convergent and divergent production, challenging traditional views on intelligence measurement. Building on the ideas of L. L. Thurstone, Guilford emphasized the need for multiple dimensions to describe intelligence accurately, proposing operations, content, and products as essential components. His contributions have had a lasting impact on the field of psychology, solidifying his reputation as a prominent figure in the 20th century.

Winnaretta Singer was a prominent patron of the arts and philanthropist, celebrated for her substantial contributions to the music world and public health endeavors in Paris. Through her renowned musical salon, she fostered and promoted emerging talents like Debussy and Ravel. Singer's commitment to various causes, endorsement of public health projects, and profound influence on the cultural scene via her patronage and mentorship position her as a noteworthy figure in the realms of music and philanthropy.

Peter Hans Kolvenbach SJ was a distinguished Dutch Jesuit priest and esteemed professor known for his leadership as the 29th superior general of the Society of Jesus. Throughout his professional life, he made significant contributions to the Catholic Church, particularly within the Jesuit community. Kolvenbach's tenure was marked by his commitment to spiritual and intellectual growth, as well as his dedication to promoting social justice and education. His legacy includes a lasting impact on the global Catholic religious order and the wider religious community.

Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was a prominent figure known for her contributions to society. She was actively involved in various charitable endeavors, supporting causes related to education, healthcare, and social welfare. Her dedication to philanthropy and advocacy for the less fortunate earned her admiration and respect from the public. Additionally, she played a significant role in promoting cultural and artistic initiatives, fostering a sense of community and unity among the people she served. Princess Marie's legacy continues to inspire others to make a positive impact in the world.

Duncan Sandys was a British politician and minister who served in various Conservative governments during the 1950s and 1960s. He played a significant role in promoting European unity following World War II. Sandys was known for his efforts in strengthening international relations and fostering cooperation among European nations. His contributions to diplomacy and policymaking were instrumental in shaping the political landscape of his time. Sandys' dedication to public service and his commitment to advancing global cooperation earned him a reputation as a respected and influential figure in British politics.

Henry Schultz was an American economist and statistician known for his significant contributions to the field of econometrics. Along with being one of the founders of econometrics, he was recognized by Paul Samuelson as one of the "American saints in economics." Schultz's work, alongside other notable economists, has had a lasting impact on the field, solidifying his reputation as a key figure in the development of economic theory and analysis.

Sir Leander Starr Jameson, Baronet, was a British colonial politician acclaimed for his role in the Jameson Raid and his leadership as Administrator of Mashonaland and later as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony. He was instrumental in British colonial expansion in Southern Africa and had a lasting impact on the region's political development. Despite the controversy surrounding the Jameson Raid, he maintained influential roles in the British government and colonial politics.

Amir Aczel was a well-known figure in mathematics and science, recognized for his proficiency in both areas. Through lectures and writings, he conveyed his expertise to audiences worldwide, exploring the historical aspects of mathematics and science to offer valuable insights. Aczel's books were particularly influential, as he simplified intricate mathematical and scientific principles, making them understandable to a broader audience. His efforts played a significant role in fostering interest and respect for these subjects among readers from diverse backgrounds.

Édouard Léon Cortès was a prominent French painter of French and Spanish descent known for his exquisite Paris cityscapes. His artistic career was marked by a unique ability to capture the essence of the city in various weather conditions and night settings, earning him the title of "Le Poète Parisien de la Peinture" or "the Parisian Poet of Painting." Cortès' work showcased his mastery of light and color, attracting admirers worldwide and establishing him as a respected and influential figure in the art world.

Benjamin O. Davis Sr. was a pioneering career officer in the United States Army, breaking barriers as one of the first African American general officers. Throughout his military service, he demonstrated remarkable leadership and administrative skills, serving in conflicts such as the Spanish–American War, Philippine–American War, and World War I. Despite facing segregation and obstacles to advancement, Davis persevered, steadily climbing the ranks to become a colonel and eventually a brigadier general. His dedication and accomplishments paved the way for future generations of black military officers.