Famous Deaths on September 27

Hugh Marston Hefner was an American magazine publisher known for founding and leading Playboy magazine. He expanded the brand globally with Playboy Clubs and lived a lavish lifestyle in luxury mansions with Playboy Playmates. Hefner was a vocal advocate for First Amendment rights, animal rescue, and Hollywood Sign restoration. While celebrated for his contributions to media and culture, he faced controversy for alleged sexual abuse and exploitation, leading to Playboy distancing itself from him in later years.

Cliff Burton was a highly influential American musician known for his exceptional bass playing skills and impact on the heavy metal genre. He gained recognition through his work with bands like EZ-Street and Agents of Misfortune before joining Metallica in 1982. With Metallica, Burton played on albums such as Kill 'Em All and Master of Puppets, contributing to the band's global success. Unfortunately, his career was tragically cut short in 1986 due to a fatal bus accident while touring. Burton continues to be celebrated posthumously for his contributions and is regarded as one of the greatest bassists of all time.

Edgar Degas, a French Impressionist artist, was renowned for his pastel drawings, oil paintings, bronze sculptures, prints, and drawings. He is best known for his captivating portrayal of dancers, with more than half of his works dedicated to this subject. Degas excelled in capturing movement, particularly evident in his depictions of dancers and bathing women. Additionally, he depicted racehorses, jockeys, and portraits, exploring themes of psychological depth and human solitude. Originally aspiring to be a history painter, Degas transitioned into a classical painter of modern life, blending traditional techniques with contemporary themes.

James Harold Doolittle was a distinguished American military general and aviation pioneer acknowledged for his bold accomplishments and advancements in aviation technology. He gained fame as a decorated hero of World War II, particularly for his leadership in the audacious Doolittle Raid on Japan. Doolittle was a proficient pilot who achieved multiple aviation milestones, including coast-to-coast flights, speed records, and advancements in instrument flying techniques. His military career saw him hold various leadership positions, culminating in his retirement as a general. Even after his retirement, Doolittle continued to make significant contributions to the aviation industry until his passing.

Clara Bow was an American actress who achieved fame in the silent film era of the 1920s and successfully transitioned to talkies in 1929. Known as "The It Girl," she personified the Roaring Twenties and was considered its leading sex symbol. Bow appeared in a total of 57 films, including popular titles like Mantrap, It, and Wings. She was a top box-office draw during her peak years and her presence in films was seen as a guarantee of financial success. After retiring from acting in 1933, Bow pursued a career as a rancher in Nevada.

Oona O'Neill was an actress who gained public attention during her time at the Brearley School in New York City. She decided to pursue a career in acting and headed to Hollywood, where she met Charlie Chaplin. Despite a significant age gap, they married in 1943. She gave up her acting career to focus on family life with Chaplin. After his death in 1977, she split her time between Switzerland and New York until her passing in 1991.

Donald O'Connor was an American dancer, singer, and actor known for his athleticism and boyish charm. He gained fame in films co-starring with various actresses before becoming a sympathetic sidekick at MGM. His iconic performance in "Singin' in the Rain" earned him a Golden Globe. O'Connor was celebrated for his "Make 'Em Laugh" dance routine and received accolades such as a Primetime Emmy Award and two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He was recognized for his talent, versatility, and enduring appeal in the entertainment industry.

George Frederick Blanda was an American football quarterback and placekicker who had a remarkable professional career in the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL). Blanda played an unprecedented 26 seasons in professional football, the most in the sport's history. He retired as the oldest player in the sport at the age of 48, with numerous records to his name. Blanda's legacy includes holding the record for most extra points made and attempted, showcasing his longevity and skill in the game.

Mohammad Najibullah Ahmadzai was an Afghan politician who served as the General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan and as the President of Afghanistan. He held key positions within the PDPA, including leading the KHAD. During his tenure, he emphasized National Reconciliation reforms, moved away from socialism, and welcomed non-communists into the government. However, he encountered obstacles like the Soviet withdrawal and the emergence of the mujahideen. These challenges eventually led to his resignation and assassination by the Taliban.

Robert Montgomery was an American actor, director, and producer known for his versatile acting skills. He started on stage before transitioning to film with MGM. He showcased his talent in both comedic and dramatic roles, earning acclaim for performances in films like The Big House, Night Must Fall, and Here Comes Mr. Jordan, which garnered Academy Award nominations. During World War II, he served as an ambulance driver in France and later enlisted in the Navy, participating in key events like the Normandy invasion. After the war, he continued his successful career in Hollywood, working in both films and television.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a prominent Indian reformer who founded the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, which later developed into the Brahmo Samaj movement. He was instrumental in advocating for social and religious reforms in the Indian subcontinent, working across various fields such as politics, public administration, education, and religion. Roy notably campaigned against practices like sati and child marriage. He was also an author, having written the first complete Bangla grammar book. Roy is widely known as the "Father of Indian Renaissance" and holds a revered place in Indian history.

Herbert Lom, a Czech-British actor, enjoyed a career extending over 60 years. Renowned for his cool demeanor and precise elocution, he portrayed criminals and suave villains in his youth, transitioning to professional men and nobles as he aged. His versatility shone through in comedic roles in The Pink Panther series, notably as Chief Inspector Dreyfus. Lom's film credits include The Ladykillers, War and Peace, Spartacus, El Cid, and The Phantom of the Opera. He also excelled on stage in The King and I and on television in The Human Jungle.

Marty Balin was an American singer, songwriter, and musician who gained fame as a prominent member of the bands Jefferson Airplane and Jefferson Starship. Known for his soulful voice and songwriting skills, he played a significant role in shaping the sound and success of both bands. Balin's contributions to the psychedelic rock and folk rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s were highly influential, solidifying his reputation as a talented and versatile artist in the music industry.

Braxton Bragg was an American army officer and Confederate general who served in the Second Seminole War, Mexican-American War, and American Civil War. He commanded the Army of Mississippi, later named the Army of Tennessee, from 1862 to 1863. Bragg participated in battles like Shiloh, Perryville, Stones River, Tullahoma Campaign, and Chickamauga. Despite his military service, he faced criticism for his poor battlefield strategy and lack of popularity among his subordinates, leading to his reputation as one of the worst generals of the Civil War.

Felix Yusupov was a Russian aristocrat who played a key role in the assassination of Grigori Rasputin. He was also known for marrying Princess Irina Alexandrovna. Apart from these well-known incidents, Yusupov had a diverse professional career involving politics, the arts, and philanthropy. He participated in diplomacy, held leadership roles in cultural institutions, and championed charitable endeavors. Furthermore, Yusupov showcased his literary and creative abilities by writing books and plays.

Lloyd Nolan was an American actor known for transitioning from supporting roles to featured player status with his portrayal of Captain Queeg in The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial. He won a Best Actor Emmy Award for this role in a TV play. Nolan worked in television and major motion pictures, often playing doctors in films like Peyton Place and Julia. He received an Emmy nomination for his role in Julia. His final role was in Hannah and Her Sisters. Nolan was highly respected in the entertainment industry.

Engelbert Humperdinck, a German composer, is best known for his opera Hänsel und Gretel, which premiered in 1893 and became his most popular work. He was appointed a Professor by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1896 and later became head of a Meister-Schule of composition in Berlin. Humperdinck demonstrated his innovative approach to vocal techniques through his use of Sprechgesang in Königskinder. Despite health challenges, including a stroke, he continued composing and collaborating in the theater until his death in 1921.

Major David Croft was a renowned English television comedy screenwriter, producer, and director famous for his work on multiple BBC sitcoms. Teaming up with Jimmy Perry and Jeremy Lloyd, he was behind hit shows like Dad's Army, Are You Being Served?, It Ain't Half Hot Mum, Hi-de-Hi!, and 'Allo 'Allo! Croft left a lasting impact on the British television landscape with his outstanding creations that brought joy to audiences for generations.

Doak Walker was a talented American football player who excelled as a halfback and kicker for the Detroit Lions in the NFL from 1950 to 1955. Prior to his professional career, he achieved great success playing college football for the SMU Mustangs, winning the prestigious Heisman Trophy in 1948. Walker's outstanding contributions to the sport led to his induction into both the College Football Hall of Fame in 1959 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1986. His legacy continues through the Doak Walker Award, presented annually to the top college football running back since 1990.

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii was a Russian chemist and photographer recognized for his pioneering work in color photography. He extensively traveled throughout the Russian Empire between 1909 and 1915, employing his innovative three-image color photography method to document various aspects of early 20th-century Russia. With the backing of Emperor Nicholas II, he captured a diverse array of subjects. While some negatives were lost, the majority were preserved in the US Library of Congress and subsequently digitized in 2000, leading to the creation of numerous high-quality color images dating back over a century.

James McCulloch was a talented Scottish musician acclaimed for his work as a lead guitarist and bassist in several bands, including Wings with Paul McCartney from 1974 to 1977. He was also part of groups like One in a Million, Thunderclap Newman, and Stone the Crows, making notable contributions to albums by artists such as John Entwistle and Roger Daltrey. McCulloch was highly regarded in the music industry and had close ties with influential musicians.

Wilton Felder was a highly talented American saxophone and bass player known for his significant contributions to the music industry. As a founding member of the Jazz Crusaders, later known as The Crusaders, he played a pivotal role in shaping the jazz scene. Felder's exceptional bass skills were highlighted on iconic tracks like the Jackson 5's "I Want You Back" and "ABC", and Marvin Gaye's "Let's Get It On". His musical talent and versatile playing style established him as a respected musician.

Adelina Patti, an acclaimed Italian opera singer, was celebrated for her exceptional talent and vocal abilities. She commanded significant fees for her performances in Europe and America throughout her illustrious career. Starting her singing journey as a child, Patti captivated audiences with her beautiful voice and flawless bel canto technique. Recognized as one of the greatest sopranos of all time, she earned praise from composer Giuseppe Verdi and others for her unmatched artistry and musical skill, establishing herself as a phenomenal artist.

William Safire was a renowned American author, columnist, journalist, and presidential speechwriter who had a distinguished career at The New York Times. He was widely recognized for his syndicated political columns and his popular "On Language" column in The New York Times Magazine. Safire delved into popular etymology, new language usages, and various language-related topics in his work. He made substantial contributions to journalism, language studies, and political discourse through his insightful writing and analysis.

John Guillermin was a French-British film director, writer, and producer known for his work in big-budget action-adventure films. Throughout his career, he directed several notable films such as "The Towering Inferno," "King Kong," and "Death on the Nile." Despite being described as a temperamental perfectionist with a domineering manner, Guillermin was praised for his impeccable eye and ability to capture both intimate moments and large-scale action scenes. In his later years, he worked on lower-budgeted projects, including theatrical releases and TV movies.

Hilda Doolittle, known as H.D., was an American modernist poet, novelist, and memoirist who co-founded the Imagist group of poets with Ezra Pound in London in 1911. Her early minimalist free verse poems gained international attention, and she later expanded her repertoire to include fiction, memoir, and verse drama. With a keen interest in Ancient Greek literature, she published Greek translations and frequently drew upon Greek mythology in her works. H.D.'s writing evolved to focus on esoteric and pacifist themes, garnering renewed recognition by feminist critics in the 1970s and 1980s.

Gerald Finzi was a prolific English composer known for his vocal and choral music, as well as instrumental works. He composed numerous song cycles, including settings of Thomas Hardy's poems and Shakespearean texts. Finzi also created choral anthems and larger-scale choral works, such as For St. Cecilia and Intimations of Immortality. In the realm of instrumental music, he crafted a piano concerto, a violin concerto, and chamber works like the Five Bagatelles for clarinet and piano. Finzi's compositions reflect his admiration for Bach and Bloch, and his works continue to be performed and recorded today.

Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan was a distinguished Indian librarian and mathematician recognized for his noteworthy contributions to library science. He is best known for formulating the five laws of library science and creating the colon classification system. Throughout his career, Ranganathan held esteemed positions such as university librarian and professor of library science at Banaras Hindu University and the University of Delhi. He also served as president of the Indian Library Association and was honored with memberships in various international library associations. Ranganathan's work and ideas have left a lasting impact on the field of library science, both in India and globally.

Emperor Go-Nara was the 105th Emperor of Japan, ruling during the Sengoku period. He ascended to the throne in 1526 and passed away in 1557. Known as Tomohito, he led Japan through a time of political and social turmoil, facing internal strife and external pressures. His decisions and leadership were pivotal in shaping Japanese history during this challenging period.

Mahendra Kapoor, a prominent Indian playback singer, was known for his versatile vocal range and emotive delivery. Throughout his career spanning decades, he sang numerous popular songs across various genres. His repertoire included romantic melodies like "Chalo ekbaar phir se Ajnabi ban jayen hum dono" and patriotic anthems such as "Mere Desh Ki Dharti." Kapoor was highly regarded for his collaborations with actor Manoj Kumar and director-producer Baldev Raj Chopra. His talent and dedication earned him prestigious awards like the Padma Shri, highlighting his significant contributions to the Indian music industry.

Thomas Traherne was a renowned English poet, Anglican cleric, theologian, and religious writer, best recognized for his work "Centuries of Meditations." His writings delve into the beauty of creation, his close bond with God, and an intense love for both God and nature, anticipating Romanticism by two centuries.

Peter Skene Ogden was a British-Canadian fur trader and explorer renowned for his expeditions in British Columbia and the Western United States. He explored areas in Oregon, Washington, Nevada, California, Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming. Initially encountering conflicts with the Hudson's Bay Company during his time with the North West Company, Ogden eventually advanced to a senior role in the HBC's Columbia Department. He managed Fort Simpson and held key positions in the company's activities.

Julius Wagner-Jauregg, an Austrian physician, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1927 for his groundbreaking discovery of the therapeutic benefits of malaria inoculation in treating dementia paralytica. As the first psychiatrist to win this prestigious award, his contributions to medicine were significant. Wagner-Jauregg's innovative treatment approach revolutionized the understanding and management of certain psychiatric conditions, making a lasting impact on the medical community.

Gates Brown was an American Major League Baseball left fielder known for his loyalty to the Detroit Tigers throughout his career from 1963 to 1975. He was recognized for his left-handed batting skills and right-handed throwing abilities. Brown made significant contributions to the Tigers' success on the field with his consistent performance and versatility as a player. He built a strong reputation as a reliable team member and was respected by fans and peers alike for his dedication and commitment to the game.

Gaby Aghion was a pioneering French fashion designer who founded the iconic French fashion house Chloé. She revolutionized the industry by introducing ready-to-wear clothing, making high fashion more accessible. Aghion's innovative approach to design and business helped establish Chloé as a leading luxury brand with an elegant and feminine aesthetic. Her contributions continue to influence designers and shape the global fashion landscape.

Charles Henri Ford was a multi-talented American artist known for his work as a poet, novelist, diarist, filmmaker, photographer, and collage artist. He published numerous collections of poetry, showcased his artwork in exhibitions across Europe and the United States, served as the editor of the Surrealist magazine View in New York City, and directed an experimental film. Ford collaborated with other artists and creatives and was notably associated with the artist Pavel Tchelitchew. Throughout his career, Ford made significant contributions to various artistic fields, leaving a lasting impact on the art world.

Aristide Maillol, a renowned French artist, excelled in sculpture, painting, and printmaking. Initially drawn to painting and decorative arts, he later shifted his focus to sculpture in his early 40s. Maillol's sculptural works gained significant recognition, making him one of the most celebrated artists of his time. His innovative creations inspired prominent figures like Picasso, Henri Matisse, and Henry Moore, leaving a lasting impact on the art world.

William Moultrie was an American planter, politician, and military leader during the American Revolutionary War. As a general, he successfully defended Charleston from British forces, leading to the naming of Fort Moultrie in his honor. Post-independence, Moultrie transitioned to politics, serving two non-consecutive terms as Governor of South Carolina. He played a significant role in shaping the state's governance, with limitations on gubernatorial power outlined in the state constitution.

Frank Wills was an American security guard who gained fame for his role in uncovering the Watergate scandal in 1972. Despite his heroic actions, Wills did not receive significant financial rewards or career advancements. He struggled to find employment and spent much of his life in poverty. Wills made media appearances and portrayed himself in the film "All the President's Men," but faced challenges in securing stable work opportunities. His legacy remains tied to his pivotal role in exposing the Watergate scandal.

Sylvia Pankhurst was an English feminist and socialist activist in London's East End. She remained committed to her political beliefs during wartime, distancing herself from suffragette leadership. Pankhurst supported workers' control and advocated for various causes including Irish independence, anti-colonial movements, and anti-fascist solidarity. She also played a role in supporting Ethiopia post-World War II, contributing to the development of African nationalism and the Rastafari movement through her publication, The New Times and Ethiopia News.

Wilson Greatbatch was an American engineer and inventor who held over 325 patents. He was a pioneering figure in medical technology, known for inventing the implantable cardiac pacemaker. Greatbatch's contributions to science earned him prestigious awards like the Lemelson-MIT Prize and the National Medal of Technology and Innovation. His groundbreaking inventions and advancements in medical devices significantly improved healthcare.

Aimee Semple McPherson was a pioneering Canadian Pentecostal evangelist and media celebrity in the 1920s and 1930s, known for founding the Foursquare Church. She utilized broadcast mass media to disseminate religious services and fundraising appeals, incorporating stage techniques into her sermons. McPherson conducted large-scale faith healing demonstrations and was highly publicized, influencing later pastors and Charismatic Christianity. Despite facing controversies, her preaching style, charity work, and ecumenical contributions left a lasting impact on 20th-century religious practices.

Vincent de Paul was a Catholic priest from France known for his unwavering commitment to helping the less fortunate. He served as a chaplain to galley slaves and co-founded the Congregation of the Mission, or the Vincentians, along with the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul. Vincentian priests dedicated themselves to vows of poverty, chastity, obedience, and stability, prioritizing service to those in rural areas. He organized clergy retreats, promoted seminary education, and was admired for his kindness and charitable acts.

Eugene Chaplin was a prominent actor and filmmaker known for his contributions to the entertainment industry. He showcased his talent in various films, captivating audiences with his performances on screen. His work behind the camera as a filmmaker also garnered recognition, with his creative vision shaping memorable cinematic experiences. Throughout his career, Eugene Chaplin demonstrated a deep passion for storytelling and a dedication to his craft, leaving a lasting impact on the world of film.

Pietro Ingrao was an influential Italian politician and journalist recognized for his active participation in the Italian resistance movement. He held a prominent position within the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and made significant contributions to shaping Italy's political scene by championing socialist ideals and progressive initiatives. Ingrao also leveraged his role as a journalist to advocate for social justice and the rights of workers. His unwavering dedication to his political beliefs and his commitment to advocating for the marginalized and oppressed remained steadfast throughout his career.

Alexandre Colonna-Walewski was a distinguished politician and diplomat, known for his significant contributions to international relations. He notably served as the foreign minister of France under Napoleon III and played a key role in overseeing the Congress of Paris. His diplomatic efforts were instrumental in securing peace during the Crimean War. Colonna-Walewski is also remembered for his influential work on modern international maritime law, particularly through the Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law. Throughout his career, he demonstrated a steadfast commitment to diplomacy and left a lasting impact on global affairs.

Herman Wildenvey, a renowned Norwegian poet of the 20th century, was highly prolific, publishing 44 poetry books. His career was distinguished by not only his original works but also his translations of famous authors like Ernest Hemingway, William Shakespeare, and Heinrich Heine. Wildenvey's literary achievements were widely respected, and he was honored with the Gyldendal's Endowment award in 1935. His dedication to poetry and translation established him as a significant figure in Norwegian literature.

George Rieveschl was an American chemist and professor known for inventing the popular antihistamine diphenhydramine (Benadryl). He earned bachelors, masters, and PhD degrees in chemistry at the University of Cincinnati and joined the university as a professor. His research program focused on antihistamines, leading to the synthesis of diphenhydramine by one of his students. He collaborated with Parke-Davis to test the compound and was later hired as their director of research. Rieveschl also played a key role in developing the drug orphenadrine. He remained active in the science and arts community until his passing.

Hans Fritzsche played a significant role in Nazi Germany as the Ministerialdirektor at the Propagandaministerium. His prominent position as a leading broadcaster helped shape a positive perception of the Nazi regime among the German population. Fritzsche's influential voice resonated with many Germans, making him a key figure in propaganda campaigns. He was in the Berlin Führerbunker during Hitler's last days and eventually surrendered the city to the Red Army, leading to his capture as a prisoner.

Pope Urban VII, born Giovanni Battista Castagna in Rome, held various prominent positions within the Roman Catholic Church, including Archbishop of Rossano, Governor of Fano, Perugia, and Umbria, Apostolic Nuncio to Spain and Venice, and Papal legate to Flanders and Cologne. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1583 by Pope Gregory XIII. Elected as pope in September 1590, he was known for his charity, public works projects, and opposition to nepotism. Urban VII implemented a smoking ban in churches worldwide during his short papacy.

Mary Lee Settle was an accomplished American writer known for her contributions to literature. She garnered recognition for her novel Blood Tie, which earned her the prestigious National Book Award in 1978. Settle also played a significant role in the literary community as a founder of the annual PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction, showcasing her commitment to supporting and celebrating the work of fellow writers. Through her writing and advocacy efforts, Settle left a lasting impact on the literary landscape.

Frank Tyson, also known as "Typhoon Tyson," was a highly skilled England international cricketer in the 1950s. His remarkable speed as a bowler earned him his famous nickname. After relocating to Australia in 1960, Tyson held various roles in cricket, including schoolmaster, journalist, coach, and commentator. He achieved a notable record of 76 wickets in 17 Test matches with an average of 18.56. In 1955, he was recognized as the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World for his exceptional performance during the Ashes tour of Australia. Tyson went on to coach Victoria to Sheffield Shield victories and the Sri Lankan national cricket team, all while serving as a respected cricket commentator for 26 years.

Rose Knox was an American businesswoman known for her leadership at the Kind and Knox Gelatin Factory in Camden, New Jersey. Following her husband's passing, she took over the helm of the business and steered it to success. Rose Knox gained widespread admiration for her business acumen and became recognized as one of the prominent businesswomen of her era. Her strategic vision and management skills were instrumental in the growth and prosperity of the gelatin factory under her guidance.

Pope Innocent XII, formerly known as Antonio Pignatelli, served as the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1691 until his passing in 1700. During his tenure, he upheld a firm stance against nepotism within the Church, following in the footsteps of his predecessor, Pope Innocent XI. He issued a papal bull explicitly prohibiting the practice of nepotism, ensuring that no financial resources or properties were granted to relatives, thereby promoting integrity and fairness within the Church hierarchy.

Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, ruled from 1597 and became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire in 1623. He established absolutist rule by challenging feudal rights and was a devout Catholic who spearheaded the Counter-Reformation and created the Catholic League. During the Thirty Years' War, he expanded his territories and solidified his electoral titles. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 confirmed his holdings, making him a significant figure in shaping Bavaria's political scene amidst the chaos of European history.

Ramalho Ortigão was a leading Portuguese writer renowned for his notable contributions to literature during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He played a key role in the Realist and Naturalist movements in Portugal, excelling in the genres of novels, essays, and literary criticism. Ortigão co-founded the Portuguese Academy of History and the Portuguese Academy of Sciences, further solidifying his importance in the cultural landscape of his era.

Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov was a notable figure in particle accelerator physics and human rights activism. He played a crucial role in founding the Moscow Helsinki Group and the Soviet Amnesty International group. Orlov's commitment to monitoring human rights led to his imprisonment and internal exile, where he was acknowledged as a prisoner of conscience. Upon his release, he relocated to the U.S. and pursued a career as a physics professor at Cornell University.

Juan Corzo y Príncipe, a prominent Spanish-Cuban chess master, made significant contributions to Cuban chess. He emigrated to Cuba in 1887 and quickly became the Champion of the Havana Chess Club in 1898. Despite a loss to José Raúl Capablanca in 1901, Corzo remained a strong presence in Cuban chess. He co-founded the National Chess Federation of Cuba with Capablanca and won the Cuban Chess Championship five times. Corzo's legacy is defined by his efforts to promote and advance chess in Cuba.

Philip Rosenthal is a renowned American television writer and producer best known for creating, writing, and executive producing the popular CBS sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond. His work on the show earned him critical acclaim and numerous awards. In recent years, Rosenthal has transitioned to presenting food and travel documentaries, including I'll Have What Phil's Having on PBS and Somebody Feed Phil on Netflix. Through these projects, he continues to showcase his passion for exploring different cultures and cuisines, entertaining audiences with his humor and genuine curiosity.

William of Wykeham was a notable figure in medieval England, known for his roles as Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor of England. He made important contributions to education by establishing New College, Oxford and New College School in 1379, along with Winchester College in 1382. He also played a significant part in overseeing the construction of Windsor Castle. Overall, William of Wykeham had a lasting influence on both the ecclesiastical and educational realms of his time.

James Brindley, an English engineer of the 18th Century, was renowned for his exceptional skill and ability. Despite limited formal education, he apprenticed as a millwright and later became a successful wheelwright in Leek, Staffordshire. Brindley gained acclaim for his ingenuity and expertise in repairing machinery. He furthered his business by renting a millwright's shop and forming partnerships with the Wedgwoods. Known for his innovative designs, Brindley constructed cutting-edge engines for coal mines and silk mills, demonstrating his prowess in engineering and machinery.

Maria Rasputin was a writer known for her three memoirs focusing on her father, Grigori Rasputin, and his interactions with the Russian royal family. Her works shed light on various historical events, such as the attack on Rasputin and his eventual murder. Despite some controversy surrounding the accuracy of her accounts, Maria portrayed her father in a positive light, emphasizing his virtues and challenging negative perceptions propagated by his adversaries. She collaborated with Patte Barham to publish her final memoir, "The Man Behind the Myth," in 1977.

Hubert Gautier, also known as Henri Gautier, was a French engineer who transitioned from a medical career to focus on mathematics and engineering. He served as an engineer for nearly three decades in Languedoc before becoming Inspecteur général des ponts et chaussées in Paris. Gautier authored the first book on building bridges in 1716, titled Traité des ponts. Throughout his career, he made significant contributions to engineering, civil engineering, and geology. He passed away in Paris at the age of 77.

George Parkin Grant was a notable Canadian philosopher, university professor, and social critic recognized for his Canadian nationalism and political conservatism. He examined the societal and political consequences of unchecked technological advancement, prioritizing principles of community, equality, and justice. Grant engaged in meaningful discussions with influential Western philosophers throughout history, examining the transition from traditional, sacred-based civilizations to the modern era dominated by scientific and technological progress. He opposed euthanasia and abortion for ethical reasons, emphasizing the importance of upholding human dignity and the sanctity of life.

Serafina Dávalos Alfonze was a pioneer in Paraguayan history as the first female lawyer in the country. She dedicated her professional life to advocating for women's rights and gender equality, becoming a prominent feminist figure. Through her legal work and activism, she fought for social justice and equality, paving the way for future generations of women in Paraguay. Serafina's legacy as a trailblazer in the legal field and a champion for women's rights continues to inspire and empower women in Paraguay and beyond.

Maria Amalia of Saxony reigned as Queen of Spain from 1759 until her passing in 1760. Before her time in Spain, she was Queen of Naples and Sicily. Renowned for her involvement in state matters, she supervised the building of Caserta Palace and other significant projects during her reign. Maria Amalia was a beloved queen, and she and King Charles III had thirteen children, seven of whom lived to adulthood.

Hiromi Hayakawa was a versatile Japanese-born Mexican actress and singer renowned for her achievements in musical theatre, television, and music. She gained fame appearing on the reality show La Academia and later established a prosperous music career. Hayakawa also demonstrated her talent as a voice actress, notably contributing to the Spanish American dubbing of American films and series. Her professional journey showcased her exceptional versatility and skill in multiple entertainment fields.

Gracie Fields was a renowned British actress, singer, and comedian, excelling in both cinema and music hall performances. She was a top film star in Britain during the 1930s and held the distinction of being the highest-paid film star globally in 1937. Known affectionately as Our Gracie and the Lancashire Lass, Fields maintained her strong Lancashire accent throughout her career. Her contributions to the entertainment industry were recognized with prestigious honors, including Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE).

Raymond VII served as Count of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne, and Marquis of Provence from 1222 until his passing. His professional life was marked by strategic alliances and conflicts with the French monarchy during the Albigensian Crusade. He navigated complex political landscapes, engaging in diplomatic negotiations and military campaigns to protect his territories. Raymond VII demonstrated resilience and leadership in defending his domains, showcasing his commitment to upholding his power and influence in the region until his death.

Tuncel Kurtiz was a highly regarded figure in Turkish entertainment, known for his achievements as an actor, playwright, and film director. Over nearly five decades, he made a lasting impact on Turkish theatre, cinema, and television. Kurtiz's versatile talent was evident in his appearances in more than 70 films, where he portrayed a diverse range of characters. His influence extended internationally through his involvement in various global productions, making significant contributions to the film industry on a global scale.

Carlos Lleras Restrepo was a distinguished Colombian politician and lawyer, serving as the 22nd President of Colombia from 1966 to 1970. Renowned for his progressive policies and commitment to reform, he was instrumental in implementing social welfare programs, enhancing education, and developing infrastructure during his presidency. Lleras Restrepo also played a crucial role in fostering peace initiatives and diplomatic ties in the region, establishing himself as a skilled statesman and a prominent figure in Colombian politics in the mid-20th century.

Babe Didrikson Zaharias was a versatile American athlete who achieved success in multiple sports. She won two gold medals and a silver in track and field at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Transitioning to professional golf, she claimed 10 LPGA major championships and earned a reputation as one of the greatest female golfers of all time. Zaharias' remarkable athleticism, determination, and skill propelled her to the pinnacle of success in both track and field and golf, leaving a lasting legacy in the world of sports.

Duchess Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was known for her involvement in various charitable activities and her support for educational institutions. She took a keen interest in promoting the welfare of the less fortunate in society and was actively engaged in philanthropic endeavors. Augusta also played a role in the cultural life of the region, patronizing artists and musicians. Her efforts to improve the lives of her subjects and her contributions to the arts and education left a lasting impact on the community.

Remy de Gourmont, a notable French symbolist poet, novelist, and influential critic, made a significant impact on the literary landscape of his era. His work was widely appreciated during his time and influenced prominent figures like Blaise Cendrars and Georges Bataille. Known for his insightful critiques and innovative literary style, Gourmont left a lasting impact on the world of literature. Despite the common misspelling of his name as Rémy de Gourmont, his professional legacy remains a testament to his literary prowess.

Bernard Courtois, a French chemist, is renowned for isolating iodine, a breakthrough that revolutionized early photography. During the Napoleonic Wars, he was instrumental in extracting potassium nitrate from seaweed due to the scarcity of wood ashes. His chance discovery of iodine in seaweed ash paved the way for producing top-grade iodine and its derivatives. Esteemed by leading scientists, Courtois was acclaimed for highlighting the therapeutic properties of iodine. Despite facing financial challenges, his lasting impact on the fields of chemistry and medicine is undeniable.

Albert Renger-Patzsch was a notable German photographer celebrated for his affiliation with the New Objectivity movement. He became well-known for his precise and intricate photographs of landscapes, industrial settings, and botanical subjects. Renger-Patzsch's work centered on capturing the fundamental nature of objects and scenes in a direct and unadorned way, emphasizing their shape and arrangement. His photographs showcased meticulous attention to detail and a sharp eye for composition, establishing him as a key figure in the advancement of modern photography in the early 20th century.

Karl Christian Friedrich Krause was a German philosopher known for his development of the philosophical system called Krausism. While his doctrines had a limited following in Germany, France, and Belgium, they gained significant popularity in Restoration Spain where Krausism became a prominent cultural movement. Krause's influence extended beyond Spain, with the Spanish Krausist cultural movement being recognized internationally. Krause's professional life was characterized by his contributions to philosophy, particularly through the dissemination of Krausism and its impact on European intellectual thought.

Maximilian von Weichs was a German Generalfeldmarschall in the Wehrmacht during World War II. He played a key role in various military campaigns, leading troops in the invasions of Poland, France, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union. Weichs also commanded Army Group B during Case Blue in southern Russia and Army Group F in the Balkans during the German retreat in 1944. He was later implicated in war crimes during the Nuremberg Trials.

Felice della Rovere was a highly influential woman during the Italian Renaissance, known for her intellect, social connections, and financial acumen. She played a key role in mediating peace agreements, held important positions within the Orsini family, and expanded her influence through strategic financial investments. Her impact is still visible today through her involvement in various artistic and intellectual circles of the time.

Piotr Skarga was a prominent Polish Jesuit known for his skills as a preacher, hagiographer, and polemicist during the Counter-Reformation in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He advocated for reforms in the political system, particularly emphasizing the need to strengthen the monarch's authority over the parliament and nobility. Skarga held positions as a professor at the Kraków Academy and as the first rector of the Wilno Academy. He was also a prolific writer, with notable works such as "The Lives of the Saints" and "Sejm Sermons".

James Thomason was a prominent British administrator known for his service with the East India Company. He held the position of Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces for a decade, from 1843 to 1853. During his tenure, Thomason implemented various administrative reforms and infrastructure development projects in the region. His leadership and management skills earned him a reputation as an efficient and effective colonial official. Thomason's contributions to the governance and development of the North-Western Provinces left a lasting impact on the region.

Dietrich von Saucken, a German general, commanded the 2nd Army and Army East Prussia during World War II. He surrendered to the Red Army in 1945 instead of fleeing by air, showcasing his dedication to honor and duty in the midst of defeat. Saucken was the final officer to receive the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds, the highest military decoration in Nazi Germany, recognizing his exceptional military leadership.

Hans Grimm, a German writer, gained recognition for his 1926 novel "Volk ohne Raum," which became linked to the expansionist Nazi Lebensraum concept. Throughout his career, Grimm's literary contributions often mirrored contemporary political ideologies. His work, particularly the title of his novel, had a profound influence on political discussions and public perceptions during the Nazi regime. Grimm's writing style and themes remain subjects of study for their historical importance and influence on German literature.

Roy Fuller was an English writer known primarily as a poet. He began his career as a solicitor before working for The Woolwich Equitable Building Society. Fuller served in the Royal Navy during World War II. His first book of poetry, "Poems," was published in 1939. He also wrote fiction, including crime novels, and several volumes of memoirs. Fuller was identified with The Movement on stylistic grounds and served as Professor of Poetry at Oxford University. He was also a member of the Board of Governors of the BBC.

Major Jaswant Singh was an esteemed officer of the Indian Army and a prominent Indian Cabinet Minister. As a founding member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), he served as a parliamentarian for several decades, holding key positions in the government including Minister of External Affairs, Finance, and Defence. Singh was elected multiple times to both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha, playing crucial roles in various administrations. His contributions to diplomacy, nuclear policy, and strategic dialogue with the United States were noteworthy during his tenure.

Conrad Theodor van Deventer was a Dutch lawyer, author, and politician known for his involvement in the Dutch East Indies. He was a member of the Netherlands parliament and a key figure in the Dutch Ethical Policy Movement. Van Deventer was recognized as the spokesperson for this movement, advocating for ethical governance and policies in the Dutch colonies. He resided at Surinamestraat 20 in The Hague from 1903 until his passing in 1915, making notable contributions to legal, literary, and political spheres during his career.

Shobha Gurtu was a celebrated Indian singer renowned for her mastery of the light Hindustani classical style. She garnered widespread acclaim for her expertise in light classical music, earning her the title of the Thumri Queen. Gurtu was known for her emotive 'Abhinaya' performances delivered with a powerful voice, carving a unique place in the realm of Indian classical music. Her professional journey left a lasting impact on the genre, defining a rich musical legacy.

Margot Mahler was a talented German actress known for her work in film and television. Throughout the 1970s, she gained recognition for her roles in numerous sex comedies, showcasing her versatility and comedic timing. Mahler captivated audiences with her performances, establishing herself as a prominent figure in the entertainment industry during that era. Her contributions to the world of cinema and television left a lasting impact, solidifying her reputation as a skilled and versatile actress.

Nicolas Grunitzky was a prominent figure in Togo's political landscape, serving as Prime Minister and later President. He played a key role in the country's transition to independence from French colonial rule, holding various political positions and representing Togo both locally and internationally. Grunitzky's leadership was marked by efforts to unify the nation after a coup d'état, although his presidency was cut short by another military takeover. Despite facing challenges, he remained dedicated to serving his country until his untimely death in 1969.

Mahbubey Alam was a prominent Bangladeshi politician and senior counsel who served as the Attorney General of Bangladesh. He had a distinguished legal career, starting as a lawyer at the High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh and later becoming a lawyer of the Appellate Division. He also held positions as the Chairman of the Bangladesh Bar Council and as Additional Attorney General. Alam was appointed as the Attorney General of Bangladesh in 2009 until his passing in 2020. He was known for his expertise in constitutional law and parliamentary procedures.

William Hume-Rothery was a distinguished English metallurgist and materials scientist recognized for his extensive research on alloy composition. His career was devoted to enhancing knowledge of alloy structures and properties, leading to significant advancements in the field. Through his numerous research papers and scholarly contributions, he became a prominent figure in metallurgy, with his work continuing to shape the study and progression of alloys in the realm of materials science.

Laurence Eusden was an English poet known for becoming Britain's youngest Poet Laureate in 1718. He served as Poet Laureate until his death in 1730. Eusden's professional life was marked by his dedication to poetry and his contributions to British literature during the early 18th century. His appointment as Poet Laureate solidified his place in literary history, and his works were well-received during his time, although they have been criticized by later literary scholars. Eusden's legacy as a poet endures through his published works.

Georg Voggenreiter was a renowned German racing cyclist known for his exceptional skills on the road. His career reached its pinnacle in 1947 when he clinched victory in the prestigious German National Road Race. Voggenreiter's triumph in this event solidified his reputation as a top-tier cyclist within the German cycling community. Throughout his professional life, he demonstrated a remarkable dedication to his sport, consistently pushing himself to achieve excellence and leaving a lasting legacy in the world of cycling.

Estanislao Shilinsky, also known as Shilinsky, was a Mexican comedian famous for his partnership with Manuel Palacios in the comedy duo Manolín y Shilinsky. From 1940 to 1970, they delighted audiences with their clever humor and comedic acts. Shilinsky was renowned for his talent in making people laugh and his distinctive comedic style, leaving a lasting impression on the entertainment world with his memorable performances.

Antti Lovag was a renowned Hungarian architect known for his innovative and distinctive architectural designs. His most famous creation, the Palais Bulles (Bubble House), showcased his unique approach to organic and futuristic architecture. Lovag's work was characterized by its unconventional shapes, use of curves, and integration with nature. He was a pioneer in creating spaces that were both functional and aesthetically pleasing, pushing the boundaries of traditional architectural norms. Lovag's designs continue to inspire architects and designers around the world.

Auguste Michel-Lévy, a French geologist, held roles as the inspector-general of mines and director of the Geological Survey of France. His research on extrusive rocks, particularly their microscopic structures and origins, was pioneering. Michel-Lévy used the polarizing microscope to identify minerals and published extensively in scientific journals, detailing various rock groups and geological formations. He collaborated with Ferdinand André Fouqué on mineral synthesis studies and authored influential works on petrography and mineralogy. Notably, Michel-Lévy's innovative utilization of birefringence gave rise to the Michel-Lévy interference color chart and classification systems for igneous rocks.

Robert Arnauld d’Andilly was a prominent French conseiller d’État specializing in financial matters at the court of Marie de' Medici. Known for his eloquent writing, he was a significant figure in 17th century French classicism as a poet, writer, and translator. A devout Catholic, he played a key role in the history of Jansenism and was associated with the Solitaires of Port-Royal-des-Champs. He also achieved renown for his contributions to the development of the pruning of fruit trees, reflecting his dedication to horticulture.

Rose Stradner was an Austrian stage and film actress known for her talent and versatility. She gained recognition for her performances opposite prominent leading men of her time such as Edward G. Robinson, James Stewart, and Gregory Peck. Stradner's career flourished with roles in both stage productions and films, showcasing her acting skills and earning her critical acclaim. Additionally, her marriage to film director Joseph L. Mankiewicz added another dimension to her professional life, further solidifying her presence in the entertainment industry.

Simone del Pollaiolo, also known as Il Cronaca, was a prominent Florentine architect in the late 15th century. Inspired by ancient Roman architecture, he traveled to Rome to study ruins, enhancing his skills. Il Cronaca was recognized for his meticulous descriptions and insightful commentary on architectural observations. He played a key role in completing the Strozzi Palace following Benedetto da Maiano's death. Known for his chronicle-like approach to documenting his work, Pollaiolo made significant contributions to the architectural landscape of Florence before his passing in 1508.

Leonard Colebrook FRS was a renowned English physician and bacteriologist recognized for his notable achievements in the field of medicine. His groundbreaking research and experiments significantly advanced the understanding and treatment of infectious diseases. Colebrook played a crucial role in developing effective treatments for bacterial infections, transforming the medical community's approach to combating these illnesses. His work and discoveries have left a lasting impact on the field of medicine, establishing him as a pioneering figure in healthcare.