Famous Egyptian Emperors & Kings

Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, was an Egyptian pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty, considered one of the most powerful rulers of the New Kingdom. He was a successful warrior pharaoh, leading numerous military campaigns with victories in the Levant and Nubia. Ramesses focused on building cities, temples, and monuments, including Pi-Ramesses, Egypt's new capital. He celebrated multiple Sed festivals and left a significant legacy in ancient Egypt through his military achievements and architectural projects.

Saladin, the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, was the first sultan of Egypt and Syria. A key figure of the Third Crusade, he led Muslim military campaigns against the Crusader states in the Levant. Rising through the ranks, he strategically aligned Egypt with the Sunni Abbasid Caliphate, abolishing the Fatimid Caliphate. Through conquests and military successes, Saladin expanded his realm to include territories in Egypt, Syria, Yemen, and Nubia. His victory at the Battle of Hattin in 1187 marked a significant turning point in the region's power dynamics.

Narmer, an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period, is believed to be the unifier of Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty. He succeeded the Protodynastic king Ka and is thought to have a prominent presence in Canaan. Many Egyptologists consider Narmer to be the same person as Menes. He played a crucial role in unifying Egypt and establishing the foundations for a centralized government. His reign marked a significant period in Egyptian history, laying the groundwork for the prosperous dynasties that followed.

Cambyses II served as the second King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, succeeding his father Cyrus the Great. He had a brief tenure as governor of northern Babylonia before becoming co-ruler in 530 BC. During his reign, Cambyses expanded the empire's territories in North Africa, notably conquering Egypt and Cyrenaica. He faced minimal opposition and successfully ruled the vast Achaemenid Empire until his untimely death due to a wound in Syria. His reign was marked by military conquests and expansion of the empire's influence.

Hatshepsut was the fifth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, ruling as regent and later as queen regnant. She assumed the position of pharaoh, adopting the full royal titulary and ruling alongside Thutmose III. Known for portraying herself as a male pharaoh, she oversaw significant construction projects, including the Karnak Temple Complex and the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut. Her reign was marked by great prosperity and peace. Following her death, attempts were made to erase her from historical records, attributing her achievements to other pharaohs for ritual and religious reasons.

Tutankhamun was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who restored traditional polytheistic religion, including the cult of the god Amun. He moved the royal court back to Memphis, reestablished diplomatic relations, and conducted military campaigns in Nubia and the Near East. Tutankhamun began construction of a royal tomb and mortuary temple but died unexpectedly at a young age. His tomb, discovered in 1922, contained a wealth of artifacts, sparking global interest in ancient Egypt. Tutankhamun is colloquially known as "King Tut."

Thutmose III was the sixth pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. He served as commander of Hatshepsut's armies before becoming sole ruler. Thutmose III is renowned as one of history's greatest warriors, military commanders, and strategists. He conducted between 17 and 20 successful military campaigns, expanding Egypt's empire to its largest extent. Thutmose III is credited with creating the ancient Egyptian navy, the world's first combat navy. His military achievements are recorded in the inscriptions known as the Annals of Thutmose III.

Akhenaten, an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, reigned from c. 1353–1336 or 1351–1334 BC. He is known for introducing Atenism, a new religious practice centered around the worship of Aten, departing from traditional polytheism. Akhenaten's rule saw a significant cultural shift, with his monuments dismantled and his name erased from historical records by later rulers. His rediscovery in the late 19th century sparked public fascination due to his association with Tutankhamun and his revolutionary attempt to establish a monotheistic religion.

Ramesses III was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. He is considered the last great king of the New Kingdom. Known as a "warrior Pharaoh," he successfully defended Egypt against invasions, notably defeating the Sea Peoples. His reign saw a decline in Egyptian political and economic power, but his strong military strategies helped slow this decline. Ramesses III constructed the massive mortuary temple of Medinet Habu. His rule ended tragically with his assassination in a conspiracy led by his wife and son, sparking a succession crisis.

Caesarion was the last pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, ruling with his mother Cleopatra VII until her death. He subsequently became the sole ruler until his demise, orchestrated by Octavian. As the son of Cleopatra and Julius Caesar, he was named after his father. Caesarion's reign marked the end of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, and his life was intertwined with the political turmoil of the time, ultimately meeting his fate at the hands of Octavian, who later became the first Roman emperor.

Sneferu was the founding pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, known for his reign of innovation and architectural achievements during the Old Kingdom. Estimates vary, suggesting a reign of 24 to 48 years. He constructed at least three pyramids that remain standing today, introducing significant advancements in pyramid design and construction techniques. Sneferu's professional life was marked by his dedication to monumental building projects, shaping the landscape of ancient Egypt with his impressive architectural legacy.

Ahmose I was a pharaoh and founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt during the New Kingdom. He reigned in the mid-16th century BC, leading Egypt to its peak power. Ahmose successfully expelled the Hyksos, restored Theban rule over Egypt, and reasserted control over Nubia and Canaan. He reorganized the administration, reopened quarries and trade routes, and initiated significant construction projects. His reign marked the beginning of the New Kingdom, characterized by Egyptian dominance and prosperity, with Ahmose laying the foundation for this era of greatness.

Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator was Pharaoh of Egypt from 51 to 47 BC. He was one of the last members of the Ptolemaic dynasty and ruled jointly with his sister Cleopatra VII. After Cleopatra's departure from Egypt, a civil war erupted between the siblings. Ptolemy later shared power with his other sister, Arsinoe IV. His reign was marked by internal strife and conflicts within the royal family, leading to a turbulent period in Egyptian history.

Fuad I of Egypt was the ninth ruler from the Muhammad Ali dynasty. He succeeded his elder brother Hussein Kamel as Sultan in 1917. Under his rule, the title of Sultan was replaced with King after the United Kingdom unilaterally declared Egyptian independence in 1922. He played a significant role in the political and administrative affairs of Egypt and Sudan during his reign. Fuad I's leadership marked a transition in the governance structure of the region, reflecting the changing dynamics of Egyptian politics.

Bardiya, also known as Smerdis or Tanyoxarces, was involved in a significant political controversy in the Achaemenid Empire in 522 BCE. He briefly ruled the empire before being overthrown by Darius the Great, who claimed that Bardiya was an impostor named Gaumata. This event led to a period of instability and political intrigue within the empire. Despite the uncertainty surrounding his reign, Bardiya's professional life was marked by his short-lived rule and the subsequent power struggle that ensued.

Ptolemy XII Auletes was a king of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt who ruled twice, first from 80 to 58 BC and then from 55 BC until his death in 51 BC. He established an alliance with Rome to prevent annexation and was deposed by the Egyptian people, fleeing to Rome before recapturing Egypt with Roman assistance. He named his daughter Cleopatra VII as his co-regent before his death in 51 BC.

Amenhotep III, also known as Amenhotep the Magnificent, was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. His reign was marked by unprecedented prosperity and splendor, with Egypt reaching the peak of its artistic and international power. He is considered one of ancient Egypt's greatest pharaohs due to his achievements in maintaining peace and stability, as well as his patronage of the arts. Amenhotep III's professional life was characterized by successful governance and the promotion of Egyptian culture and influence.

Psamtik I was the first pharaoh of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt, ruling from Sais in the Nile delta. Initially installed by Ashurbanipal of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, he later gained autonomy as the Assyrian Empire declined. Psamtik I navigated political complexities, asserting power against Kushite rulers of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. He led Egypt through a period of transition, blending Assyrian influences with Egyptian traditions. His reign marked a pivotal time in Egypt's history, characterized by strategic alliances and efforts to maintain independence.

Pepi II Neferkare was a pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty in Egypt's Old Kingdom. He ascended to the throne at a young age and ruled for several decades. During his reign, the power of the pharaoh declined as the influence of local nobles increased. This shift in power dynamics led to internal conflicts and instability within the kingdom. Pepi II's rule coincided with a period of decline that ultimately contributed to the downfall of the Old Kingdom shortly after his reign ended.

Djoser, an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 3rd Dynasty, is renowned for founding the Old Kingdom epoch. His professional life is marked by the construction of the earliest colossal stone building in Egypt, the step pyramid. While his succession to the throne is unclear due to conflicting historical accounts, Djoser's legacy as a pioneering ruler is solidified by his architectural achievements. His reign is characterized by significant advancements in monumental construction, leaving a lasting impact on Egyptian history and culture.

Taharqa was a pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and king of the Kingdom of Kush. He ruled from 690 to 664 BC and was known as one of the "Black Pharaohs" who reigned over Egypt for almost a century. Taharqa's professional life was characterized by his leadership in both Egypt and Kush, where he oversaw political affairs, military campaigns, and cultural developments. His reign marked a period of prosperity and cultural exchange between Egypt and Kush, leaving a lasting legacy in ancient history.

Amenhotep II, seventh pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, inherited a vast kingdom from his father Thutmose III. He maintained control through military campaigns in Syria but engaged in fewer battles than his father. His reign saw a decrease in hostilities between Egypt and Mitanni. Amenhotep II's rule is typically dated from 1427 to 1401 BC. His consort, Tiaa, was marginalized until his son, Thutmose IV, ascended to power, marking an important shift in the royal hierarchy.

Amenhotep I was the second Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, ruling for approximately 21 years. He inherited a kingdom from his father and maintained dominance over Nubia and the Nile Delta. He focused on temple rebuilding in Upper Egypt and revolutionized mortuary complex design by separating his tomb from his mortuary temple. Amenhotep I did not pursue Egyptian power in the Levant. After his death, he was deified as a patron god of Deir el-Medina, setting a trend in royal funerary monuments.

Menkaure, also known as Mykerinos or Menkheres, was a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt during the Old Kingdom. He is renowned for his Pyramid of Menkaure at Giza and his statue triads depicting him with Hathor and other deities. He succeeded Khafre as king, despite conflicting accounts in historical sources. Menkaure's professional life was marked by his architectural achievements, particularly in pyramid construction, and his religious practices as demonstrated through his association with various gods and goddesses.

Thutmose II was the fourth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. His reign, generally dated from 1493 to 1479 BC, was overshadowed by the achievements of his father, half-sister and wife, and son. Little is known about his professional life, as he died around the age of 30. His body was discovered in the Deir el-Bahri Cache above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, shedding some light on his role and activities during his time as Pharaoh.

Unas was the ninth and last ruler of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt during the Old Kingdom. Little is known of his activities, but he reigned for 15 to 30 years during a time of economic decline. Unas maintained trade relations with the Levantine coast and Nubia, and possibly engaged in military action in southern Canaan. He built a pyramid in Saqqara, where he introduced the innovative practice of carving and painting the Pyramid Texts on the walls. Unas' funerary cult persisted beyond his reign and he may have been venerated as a local god in Saqqara for centuries after his death.

Khafre, also known as Khafra or Khephren, was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty. He succeeded his father, Khufu, and oversaw the construction of the second largest pyramid at Giza. He is credited with commissioning the building of the Great Sphinx of Giza, which is believed to have been completed during his reign. While little is known about his reign, Khafre's architectural achievements and the enduring legacy of the Great Sphinx highlight his significant contributions to ancient Egyptian history and culture.

Senusret I, also known as Sesostris I, was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled during a period of prosperity and expansion, successfully expanding Egypt's territory through military campaigns in Nubia and the Western Desert. He established diplomatic relations with rulers in Syria and Canaan, while also working to centralize Egypt's political structure by supporting loyal nomarchs. Senusret I's professional life was characterized by strong leadership, military prowess, and diplomatic acumen in maintaining and expanding Egypt's influence.

Thutmose IV was the 8th Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt in the 14th century BC. His rule was marked by military campaigns to maintain control over the Egyptian empire. He commissioned building projects, including temples and monuments, to showcase his power and allegiance to the gods. Thutmose IV also focused on diplomatic relations with neighboring kingdoms to secure trade and alliances. His reign saw advancements in art, architecture, and religious practices, leaving a lasting impact on Egyptian history and culture.

Khufu, also known as Cheops, was an ancient Egyptian monarch who ruled as the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty during the Old Kingdom period. He succeeded his father Sneferu as king and is believed to have commissioned the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Much of his reign remains poorly documented, with the only completely preserved portrait being a small ivory figurine found at Abydos. Information about Khufu primarily comes from inscriptions in his necropolis at Giza and later historical documents.

Necho II of Egypt, a king of the 26th Dynasty, undertook numerous construction projects and famously commissioned an expedition to circumnavigate Africa. He played a significant role in the interactions between the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire, and the Kingdom of Judah. Despite his ambitious campaigns, Necho faced setbacks such as defeat by the Babylonians in Syria. Egyptologist Donald B. Redford described Necho as a proactive ruler with a vivid imagination, though history may have portrayed him as unsuccessful.

Seqenenre Tao, known as 'the Brave', was a ruler of the Theban region in Egypt during the Seventeenth Dynasty. He governed during the tumultuous Second Intermediate Period, leading the local kingdom with courage and determination. His professional life was marked by efforts to resist foreign rule and protect his people from invaders. Seqenenre Tao's legacy includes his unwavering commitment to defending his kingdom, even at great personal risk, making him a revered figure in Egyptian history for his bravery and leadership.

Fuad II of Egypt, also known as Ahmed Fuad II, is a member of the Egyptian Muhammad Ali dynasty. He formally reigned as the last King of Egypt and the Sudan for a brief period in 1952-1953 before being deposed. After his reign, he pursued a career in business and became involved in various philanthropic activities. Despite his short-lived reign, Fuad II has maintained a presence in Egyptian society and continues to be recognized as a member of the country's historical royal family.

Nectanebo II was the last native ruler of ancient Egypt and the third pharaoh of the Thirtieth Dynasty. He reigned from 358 to 340 BC. During his rule, Egyptian artists developed a distinctive style that influenced the reliefs of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Nectanebo II was known for his enthusiasm for various cults within ancient Egyptian religion, leaving evidence of his attention at over a hundred sites. He successfully kept Egypt safe from the Achaemenid Empire for several years until he was betrayed by his former servant, Mentor of Rhodes, leading to his defeat and the occupation of Egypt by the Persians.

Seti II, the fifth pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt, ruled during a tumultuous period marked by dynastic intrigues and short reigns. His throne name, Userkheperure Setepenre, reflects his association with the sun god Re. Seti II faced challenges from rival kings, notably Amenmesse, who contested his rule over Thebes and Nubia. Despite these plots, Seti II navigated his professional life with determination and strength, asserting his authority and protecting his reign over Egypt.

Ay served as the penultimate pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty in ancient Egypt, reigning for a brief period in the late 14th century BC. Prior to his rule, he was a trusted advisor to several pharaohs of the dynasty. He is believed to have wielded significant power during Tutankhamun's reign. His titles, such as Kheperkheperure and Ay it-netjer, reflect his divine and influential status. Despite a lack of clear records and monuments attributed to him, Ay's legacy was tarnished by his successor's efforts to erase his memory from history.

Farouk I was the tenth ruler of Egypt from the Muhammad Ali dynasty. He held the title of King of Egypt and the Sudan. Farouk's reign was marred by allegations of corruption and incompetence within his government, leading to a decline in his popularity. He was overthrown in a military coup in 1952 and forced to abdicate in favor of his infant son. Farouk died in exile in Italy in 1965.

Ramesses VI Nebmaatre-Meryamun was the fifth ruler of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt. He held titles of royal scribe and cavalry general before ascending the throne. During his reign, he stopped raids in Upper Egypt, buried his predecessor, and usurped and enlarged a tomb in the Valley of the Kings. He may have constructed tombs in the Valley of the Queens. Egypt lost control of Canaan during his rule, impacting the economy. Ramesses VI engraved his cartouches on monuments, portraying himself as a great pharaoh amidst unrest and decline.

Shoshenq I was a prominent pharaoh of ancient Egypt who reigned during the Twenty-second Dynasty. As a skilled ruler, he successfully established his authority over Egypt and expanded its territories through military campaigns. Known for his strategic prowess, Shoshenq I maintained diplomatic relationships with neighboring nations, enhancing Egypt's political influence in the region. He implemented various administrative reforms and supported cultural development, leaving a lasting impact on the kingdom during his reign.

Ramesses IV, as the third pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, held the titles of "Hereditary Prince," "Royal scribe," and "Generalissimo." He took on increasing responsibilities as heir-apparent, appointing officials to key positions. His professional life included carrying out administrative duties, overseeing religious appointments, and managing military affairs. Despite his relatively young age when he ascended to the throne, he ruled for approximately six years with a reign dated from 1155 to 1149 BC.

Amenemhat III, a pharaoh of ancient Egypt, reigned during the Middle Kingdom's peak. Ascending the throne as co-regent with his father Senusret III, he inherited a stable Egypt due to his father's policies. Amenemhat III focused on extensive building projects, notably in Faiyum, where he constructed temples and colossal statues. He built two pyramids for himself and one for his daughter, utilizing resources from various quarries across Egypt. Limited military activity and expeditions to Punt marked his reign, which lasted at least 45 years.

Abbas Helmy II was the last Khedive of Egypt and the Sudan, serving from 1892 to 1914. His rule ended in 1914 when he was removed by the British due to his nationalist stance, following the Ottoman Empire's alignment with the Central Powers in World War I. He was succeeded by his more pro-British uncle, Hussein Kamel. This marked the official end of Egypt's status as an Ottoman province, which had been in place for four centuries since 1517.

Marwan II, also known as Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan, served as the fourteenth and final caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate. His reign, which lasted from 744 until his death, was marked by internal strife and civil war. Marwan II faced challenges from various factions within the empire, ultimately leading to the downfall of the Umayyad dynasty during the Abbasid Revolution. He was the last Umayyad ruler to govern over a unified Caliphate, witnessing the end of his dynasty's rule before the rise of the Abbasids.

Merneptah was the fourth pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, ruling for almost ten years. He ascended to the throne at around seventy years old, becoming the first royal-born pharaoh since Tutankhamun. Best known for the Merneptah Stele, he is noted for the first mention of the name Israel. His throne name, Ba-en-re Mery-netjeru, translates to "Soul of Ra, Beloved of the Gods." Merneptah's reign saw significant historical and cultural contributions, solidifying his legacy in Egyptian history.

Ramesses XI was the final pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt, ruling for at least 29 years. Some scholars suggest he may have reigned for up to 33 years. He oversaw Egypt during the end of the New Kingdom period, facing challenges such as political instability and invasion threats. Records indicate his continued rule into his 29th year, with military campaigns in Nubia led by the general Piankh. Ramesses XI's reign marked the closing chapter of a significant era in Egyptian history.

Ptolemy II Philadelphus was the pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 284 to 246 BC. He significantly enhanced the material and literary prestige of the Alexandrian court during his reign. Ptolemy promoted the Museum and Library of Alexandria, elevating the city as a center of knowledge and culture. His empire extended across the Aegean and Levant regions, and he engaged in aggressive foreign policies, leading military campaigns against the Seleucid Empire and Antigonid Macedonia with varying degrees of success and setbacks.

Ptolemy V Epiphanes Eucharistus was the King of Ptolemaic Egypt from 204 BC until his death in 180 BC. He faced challenges from various internal and external threats, including incompetent regents, wars with the Seleucid and Antigonid kings, and Egyptian revolts. He came of age in 196 BC and made peace with Antiochus III, marrying his daughter Cleopatra I. Ptolemy V's reign saw a significant increase in the influence of courtiers and the Egyptian priestly elite, leading to the eventual collapse of Ptolemaic power in the Mediterranean region.

Khakaure Senusret III was a powerful pharaoh of Egypt who ruled during the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Known for his military campaigns that brought about peace and economic prosperity, he oversaw a period of great power and prosperity in Egypt. His rule led to a reduction in the power of regional rulers, a revival in craftwork, trade, and urban development. Senusret III was revered during his lifetime, being one of the few Egyptian kings to be deified and honored with a cult.

Tewfik Pasha served as the khedive of Egypt and the Sudan from 1879 to 1892, belonging to the Muhammad Ali Dynasty. He faced challenges inherited from his predecessor, Isma'il, including financial and political mismanagement. During his reign, Tewfik dealt with disaffection in the Egyptian army and the influence of Anglo-French control. He also focused on issues such as irrigation, education, and justice reforms. Additionally, Tewfik made significant decisions such as selling his father's female slaves and closing the court's harem quarters.

Al-Kamil, also known as Meledin to the Frankish crusaders, was a Kurdish Muslim ruler and the fourth Ayyubid sultan of Egypt. During his reign, the Ayyubids successfully repelled the Fifth Crusade. Al-Kamil's diplomatic skills were evident in his negotiations with the Sixth Crusade, resulting in the cession of West Jerusalem to the Christians. He also engaged with notable figures such as Saint Francis during his rule, showcasing his willingness to interact with diverse religious and cultural groups for the greater good.

Djedefre was an ancient Egyptian king of the 4th Dynasty during the Old Kingdom. He succeeded his father, Khufu, as pharaoh and introduced the royal title Sa-Rê, signifying his connection to the sun god Ra. Djedefre is known for linking his cartouche name with Ra, highlighting his divine authority. He oversaw the construction of monuments and temples dedicated to Ra, further solidifying his religious and political power. Djedefre's reign marked a significant period of religious and architectural innovation in ancient Egypt.

Thutmose I was the third pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. He expanded Egypt's borders into the Levant and Nubia, establishing new territories. Known for his military campaigns, he pushed the boundaries of the Egyptian empire further than any previous ruler. Thutmose I also focused on building temples across Egypt and constructed a tomb for himself in the Valley of the Kings. His reign is estimated to have lasted from 1506–1493 BC, marking a significant period of expansion and construction in ancient Egyptian history.

Ramesses IX was the eighth pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt, serving for 18 years, 4 months, and 6 days. He assumed the throne on I Akhet day 21 and died in Regnal Year 19. Known for his throne name, Neferkare Setepenre, meaning "Beautiful Is The Soul of Re, Chosen of Re," he is believed to be the grandson of Ramesses III. His reign was notable for its length, ranking him as the third longest-serving king of his Dynasty.

Ptolemy IV Philopator was the fourth pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, ruling from 221 to 204 BC. His reign was marked by the Fourth Syrian War against the Seleucid empire, resulting in a significant victory for Ptolemaic forces. However, internal challenges, including a purge of the royal family, weakened his rule. Criticized for prioritizing luxury and courtly affairs over governance and diplomacy, Ptolemy IV's reign is often seen as a contributing factor to the decline of the Ptolemaic dynasty.

Ptolemy XIV Philopator was a Pharaoh of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. He ascended the throne in 47 BC and ruled until his death in 44 BC. During his reign, he faced challenges in maintaining control over Egypt due to internal power struggles and external threats. Despite his short reign, Ptolemy XIV attempted to assert his authority and uphold the traditions of the Ptolemaic dynasty. However, his rule was marked by political instability and uncertainty within the kingdom.

Userkaf was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the founder of the Fifth Dynasty. He may have served as a high-priest of Ra before ascending the throne. Userkaf built a sun temple called Nekhenre, establishing a tradition followed by his successors. His reign saw the ascendancy of the cult of Ra as Egypt's state god. He built a pyramid in Saqqara and a mortuary temple lavishly decorated with fine reliefs. Little is known beyond his construction projects, though he may have led military expeditions and had trade contacts with the Aegean.

Ptolemy III Euergetes was the third pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, reigning from 246 to 222 BC. Under his kingship, the Ptolemaic Kingdom reached its peak in military and economic power. He married Berenice II, expanding the kingdom's territory. Ptolemy III won a significant victory in the Third Syrian War but had to abandon further campaigns due to unrest in Egypt. He strengthened ties with the Egyptian priestly elite through the Canopus decree, shaping Ptolemaic rule for generations.

Khasekhemwy was the last Pharaoh of the Second Dynasty of Egypt. He is known for leading significant military campaigns and constructing the mudbrick fort Shunet El Zebib. His professional life was marked by strategic military leadership and the building of important structures. His Horus name, "The Two Powerful Ones Appear," reflects his powerful and influential reign. Khasekhemwy's legacy includes his achievements in warfare and architecture, leaving a lasting impact on ancient Egyptian history.

Djer, the third pharaoh of the First Dynasty of ancient Egypt, is a prominent figure in current Egyptology. He is believed to have reigned for approximately 40 years, around the mid 31st century BC. His mummified forearm, along with that of his wife, was discovered by renowned Egyptologist Flinders Petrie. Despite this significant find, the artifacts were unfortunately discarded by Émile Brugsch. Djer's professional life as a ruler of ancient Egypt is characterized by his long reign and the intrigue surrounding the discovery and subsequent loss of his mummified remains.

Shabaka, also known as Neferkare Shabaka, was the third Kushite pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled from 705 to 690 BC. Shabaka is noted for his efforts in restoring traditional Egyptian religious practices and reviving the country's cultural heritage. His reign saw a period of stability and prosperity, with a focus on promoting the arts and architecture. Shabaka's reign is also characterized by his military campaigns and efforts to maintain Egypt's sovereignty and influence in the region.

Kamose, the last Pharaoh of the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty, played a crucial role in the military campaigns against the Hyksos during the end of the Second Intermediate Period. His reign saw significant military initiatives to challenge the Hyksos rule in Ancient Egypt, building upon the efforts initiated by his father. While his exact reign length is debated, Kamose is credited with laying the groundwork for the ultimate conquest of the Hyksos by his brother Ahmose I, who went on to unite all of Egypt under the Eighteenth Dynasty.

Amenemhat I, also known as Amenemhet I, was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the first ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty. He ascended to power through a possible overthrow of his predecessor, Mentuhotep IV. Amenemhat I undertook significant architectural projects, including the construction of pyramid-style complexes, to establish his legitimacy. He moved the capital from Thebes to Itjtawy and was buried in el-Lisht. His reign was marked by attempts to consolidate power and establish his authority as a non-royal ruler, potentially leading to his assassination.

Senusret II was a proactive ruler who focused on expanding agricultural lands in the Faiyum oasis region through the construction of an extensive irrigation system. His interest in developing infrastructure is highlighted by the construction of a dike at El-Lahun and a network of drainage canals. He relocated the royal necropolis to El-Lahun to solidify its importance as the political capital for several dynasties. Senusret II also established a workers' quarter in Senusrethotep, showcasing his dedication to improving the lives of his subjects.

Ramesses VII was the sixth pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. His reign, estimated to be from about 1136 to 1129 BC, saw him succeed his father, Ramesses VI. The Turin Accounting Papyrus 1907+1908 provides insight into his reign, specifically highlighting events from Year 5 of Ramesses VI to Year 7 of his own reign. During his rule, Ramesses VII was known for his administrative contributions and management of the kingdom's affairs.

Sahure was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt, known for his successful reign during the Old Kingdom period. He oversaw important trade relations, launched naval expeditions to procure resources, and ordered military campaigns. Sahure built a pyramid in Abusir, introducing innovative architectural elements that became standard in ancient Egyptian construction. His mortuary temple featured elaborate polychrome reliefs, setting a high artistic standard for subsequent rulers. Sahure's funerary cult lasted through the Old Kingdom and continued to be venerated in different forms for centuries after his reign.

Ramses VIII was the seventh Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt. He ruled for a brief period and was known for his connection to the powerful Ramesses III as one of his sons. During his reign, he oversaw various administrative duties and likely continued the traditions and policies established by his predecessors. Ramses VIII's professional life was marked by his role as a ruler in a time of transition within the Egyptian empire, albeit for a short period.

Psamtik III, also known as Psammetichus or Psammenitus, was the last Pharaoh of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt. His reign lasted only six months before he faced a Persian invasion led by King Cambyses II. Defeated at the Battle of Pelusium, Psamtik fled to Memphis where he was captured and taken to Susa in chains. His professional life was marked by his short-lived rule, the challenges he faced from foreign invaders, and his ultimate downfall and tragic end through suicide.

Ramses X ruled as the ninth pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. His throne name, Khepermaatre, signified "The Justice of Re Abides." During his reign, Ramses X would have been responsible for overseeing the administration of the kingdom, maintaining order, managing foreign affairs, and overseeing religious ceremonies and rituals. As a pharaoh, he would have been regarded as a divine ruler, ensuring the well-being and prosperity of Egypt and its people through his leadership and decision-making.

Apries, also known as Wahibre Haaibre, was a pharaoh of Egypt during the Twenty-sixth dynasty. He reigned for 19 years and was the fourth king in the dynasty. His rule was marked by various military campaigns and conflicts, including a failed invasion of Cyprus. Apries faced internal unrest and was eventually overthrown by his own army, leading to his exile and eventual death. He is also mentioned in biblical texts as Hophra.

Ptolemy VI Philometor was a Greek king of Ptolemaic Egypt who reigned from 180 to 164 BC and from 163 to 145 BC. His professional life was marked by conflicts, both external with the Seleucid Empire over Syria and internal with his brother for control of the Ptolemaic monarchy. He faced defeats in the Sixth Syrian War but later successfully reclaimed his throne, banishing his brother and achieving victories against the Seleucids. His reign ultimately ended with his death after a significant battle in 145 BC.

Huni was an ancient Egyptian king, the last ruler of the Third Dynasty of Egypt during the Old Kingdom period. His reign, estimated at 24 years, ended around 2613 BC. Huni's position as the final king of the third dynasty is well-established, but there is uncertainty regarding the succession order of rulers. He is believed by many to be the father and predecessor of King Sneferu, although this is debated. Huni is a perplexing figure in Egyptian history, as few records from his reign have survived, despite his lasting presence in Egyptian traditions.

Teti, also known as Othoes, was the first king of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled for approximately 12 years before being buried at Saqqara. His reign, although shortened in historical records, marked an important period in ancient Egyptian history. Teti's professional life was characterized by his leadership and administration of the kingdom, overseeing various aspects of governance, trade, and construction projects. He left a lasting legacy in Egypt's history as a significant ruler who contributed to the development and prosperity of the kingdom.

Izz al-Din Aybak was the first Mamluk sultan of Egypt in the Turkic Bahri line. He ruled from 1250 to 1257. Aybak was known for his military prowess and strategic leadership, playing a key role in the defense and consolidation of Mamluk power in Egypt. Despite facing internal challenges and external threats, Aybak successfully maintained stability and expanded the Mamluk influence in the region. His reign was marked by significant achievements in military campaigns and governance, solidifying his legacy as a skilled ruler.

Shepseskaf was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt, ruling during the Old Kingdom period as the sixth and possibly last ruler of the fourth dynasty. His reign, though short, saw the completion of the Pyramid of Menkaure and the construction of his own tomb at South Saqqara. Shepseskaf's decision to build a mastaba instead of a pyramid has sparked debate among Egyptologists, with some suggesting power struggles with the priesthood of Ra or practical considerations. His funerary cult, initially minor, was later revived in the Middle Kingdom period.