Famous Egyptian Historical Personalities

Tutankhamun was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who ruled during the late Eighteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt. He acceded to the throne at a young age, restoring traditional polytheistic religion and moving the royal court back to Memphis. Tutankhamun reestablished diplomatic relations with the Mitanni, conducted military campaigns, and oversaw the construction of a royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings, which remained unfinished at his unexpected death. His tomb, discovered in 1922, contained a wealth of artifacts that sparked renewed public interest in ancient Egypt.

Saladin was a skilled military leader and statesman who founded the Ayyubid dynasty and became the first sultan of both Egypt and Syria. He played a crucial role in the Muslim military efforts against the Crusader states in the Levant during the Third Crusade. Saladin rose through the ranks of the Fatimid government and successfully conquered various territories, including Egypt, Syria, Yemen, and Nubia. He defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin, capturing Jerusalem and re-establishing Muslim dominance in the region.

Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, was an Egyptian pharaoh who ruled during the New Kingdom period. He is regarded as one of the most powerful and successful warrior pharaohs in ancient Egypt's history. Ramesses conducted numerous military campaigns, claiming victory in most battles. He focused on expanding Egypt's territories by leading expeditions into the Levant and Nubia, reasserting Egyptian control over Canaan and Phoenicia. Ramesses also prioritized building cities, temples, and monuments, leaving behind a legacy of grand architecture and military achievements.

Hatshepsut, a powerful ruler of ancient Egypt, initially served as regent to Thutmose III before taking on the role of pharaoh herself. She successfully established herself in a male-dominated society by adopting traditionally male roles and attire. Her reign was marked by prosperity and peace, during which she oversaw numerous large-scale construction projects, including the famous Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut. Despite attempts to erase her legacy, modern historians recognize her significant contributions to Egyptian history and culture.

Narmer, an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period, is widely regarded as the unifier of Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty. He succeeded the Protodynastic king Ka and is believed to have been the first king of a unified Egypt. Narmer had a significant presence in Canaan, distinguishing him from his predecessors and successors. Many Egyptologists equate Narmer with Menes, further solidifying his legacy as a pivotal figure in ancient Egyptian history.

Thutmose III was the sixth pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled from a young age, initially sharing power with his stepmother Hatshepsut. Regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in history, he conducted numerous successful campaigns, expanding Egypt's empire to its largest extent. Thutmose III created the first combat navy in the ancient world and is known for his strategic military prowess. He became sole ruler after Hatshepsut's death and left a legacy as a dominant figure in the New Kingdom period.

Cambyses II served as the second King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, succeeding his father Cyrus the Great. He briefly governed northern Babylonia before becoming co-ruler in 530 BC. He expanded the empire's territories by conquering Egypt and Cyrenaica in North Africa. During his reign, he faced minimal opposition and successfully dealt with a rebellion in Persia. Cambyses died from a gangrenous wound while en route in Syria, leaving no heirs, and was succeeded briefly by his brother Bardiya before being overthrown by Darius the Great.

Caesarion, also known as Ptolemy XV Caesar, served as the last pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, initially reigning alongside his mother Cleopatra VII. Following her death, he ruled as the sole monarch until his demise was orchestrated by Octavian, who later became the first Roman emperor, Augustus. As the eldest son of Cleopatra and the only confirmed biological child of Julius Caesar, Caesarion was the final sovereign figure of the Ptolemaic dynasty, marking the end of an era in Egyptian history.

Akhenaten, an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, reigned from approximately 1353-1336 BC. Noted for introducing Atenism, a new form of worship centered around Aten, he abandoned traditional polytheism. His religious policies have been debated among Egyptologists, with some suggesting monotheism. After his death, traditional religion was restored, monuments dismantled, and his name erased from historical records. Akhenaten's rediscovery in the late 19th century and his association with Tutankhamun have sparked public and scholarly fascination with his enigmatic and revolutionary professional life.

Fawzia Fuad of Egypt was an Egyptian princess who became Queen of Iran through her marriage to Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran. Following her divorce from the Shah, she lived in isolation after the 1952 Egyptian revolution. Later, she married Colonel Ismail Chirine, an Egyptian diplomat, with whom she had children. Fawzia's professional life was marked by her roles as a queen, diplomat's wife, and mother, as well as her discreet and private nature, as evidenced by her decision not to publish her memories of the courts of Iran and Egypt.

Ankhesenamun, a queen during the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, played a significant role in the ancient Egyptian royal court. She was known for her position as the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, reflecting the changes in Egyptian religion during her lifetime. Ankhesenamun's professional life is well-documented through ancient reliefs and paintings, showcasing her influence and status in the royal family. Speculations arising from DNA tests suggest that she may have been one of the late 18th Dynasty queens buried in KV21, further emphasizing her lasting impact on Egyptian history.

Bardiya was a key figure in the Achaemenid Empire, potentially ruling for a brief period before being challenged by the imposter Gaumata. This event led to political turmoil as Darius the Great eventually overthrew Gaumata. Bardiya's professional life is marked by his association with the Persian royal family and his contested reign over the empire. The uncertainty surrounding his rule and the subsequent power struggle highlight the complex political landscape during his time in power.

Sneferu, also known as Soris, was the founding pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt during the Old Kingdom. Estimates suggest he reigned for around 24 to 48 years. He introduced significant innovations in the design and construction of pyramids, with at least three of his pyramids still standing today. Sneferu's professional life was marked by his dedication to architectural advancements, particularly in pyramid building, which had a lasting impact on ancient Egyptian construction techniques and the legacy of pyramid structures.

Ramesses III was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt, reigning from 26 March 1186 to 15 April 1155 BC. Known as the last great king of the New Kingdom, he faced challenges of declining political and economic power, attributed to invasions and internal issues. Despite this, he successfully defended Egypt against the Sea Peoples, displaying strong military strategies and earning the title of a "warrior Pharaoh". Ramesses III also built the impressive mortuary temple of Medinet Habu in western Thebes. His reign ended tragically with his assassination, leading to a succession crisis that further weakened Ancient Egypt.

Ahmose I was a pharaoh who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt during the New Kingdom era. He reigned in the mid-16th century BC and achieved significant accomplishments during his rule. Ahmose successfully expelled the Hyksos from the Nile Delta, restored Theban rule over Lower- and Upper Egypt, and regained control over Nubia and Canaan. He reorganized the country's administration, reopened quarries and trade routes, and initiated large-scale construction projects, including the last pyramid built by native Egyptian rulers. His reign set the stage for the peak of Egyptian power during the New Kingdom.

Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator was Pharaoh of Egypt from 51 to 47 BC. He was one of the last members of the Ptolemaic dynasty and ruled jointly with Cleopatra VII and later his sister Arsinoe IV. His reign was marked by internal strife, including a civil war sparked by Cleopatra's departure from Egypt. Ptolemy XIII's professional life was characterized by his role as a ruler in a tumultuous period of Egyptian history, navigating political challenges and power struggles within the royal family.

Fuad I was the ninth ruler of Egypt and Sudan from the Muhammad Ali dynasty. He succeeded his elder brother Hussein Kamel as Sultan in 1917. Fuad I replaced the title of Sultan with King when the United Kingdom unilaterally declared Egyptian independence in 1922. As the King of Egypt and the Sudan, he played a significant role in the political landscape of the region, navigating through the complexities of Egyptian independence and sovereignty during his reign.

Amenhotep III, also known as Amenhotep the Magnificent or Amenhotep the Great, was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt. His reign was characterized by unprecedented prosperity and splendor, marking the peak of Egypt's artistic and international power. He is regarded as one of the greatest pharaohs in Egyptian history. Amenhotep III's professional life was defined by his achievements in expanding Egypt's influence and wealth, as well as fostering a flourishing artistic and cultural environment during his rule.

Tiye was the Great Royal Wife of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III. She played a significant role in the royal court, influencing political decisions and diplomatic affairs. Known for her intelligence and strong personality, she was respected by the people and held in high esteem by her husband. Tiye’s professional life was marked by her involvement in state matters, her support of religious initiatives, and her contributions to the stability and prosperity of the Egyptian kingdom during her reign.

Khafre, also known as Khafra or Khephren, was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty during the Old Kingdom. He was the builder of the second largest pyramid at Giza and is believed to have commissioned the construction of the Great Sphinx of Giza. His reign saw significant architectural achievements and he is remembered for his contributions to the monumental structures that continue to intrigue historians and archaeologists. While details of his life are limited, his legacy as a ruler and builder remains a prominent aspect of ancient Egyptian history.

Ptolemy XII Auletes was a king of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, ruling in two separate periods. He was known for his love of playing the flute in Dionysian festivals and was a descendant of Ptolemy I, a Macedonian Greek general. Ptolemy XII faced challenges such as civil wars and exile but managed to reclaim the throne with Roman assistance. He established an alliance with Rome to prevent annexation and ultimately named his daughter Cleopatra VII as his co-regent before his death.

Pepi II Neferkare was a pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty in Egypt's Old Kingdom, known for his reign during a time of decline. He ascended to the throne at a young age and faced challenges as the power of nomarchs increased, leading to a weakening of central authority. His rule saw a breakdown of order as local nobles engaged in territorial conflicts, contributing to the eventual collapse of the Old Kingdom shortly after his reign ended.

Taharqa was a prominent pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and qore of the Kingdom of Kush. He ruled from 690 to 664 BC and was known as one of the "Black Pharaohs" who reigned over Egypt for almost a century. Taharqa's professional life was marked by his leadership, strategic military campaigns, and diplomatic skills. He successfully expanded the Egyptian empire, defended against foreign invasions, and maintained strong alliances with neighboring kingdoms, leaving a lasting legacy in the history of ancient Egypt.

Psamtik I, the first pharaoh of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt, ruled during the Saite period from Sais in the Nile delta between 664–610 BC. Initially installed by Ashurbanipal of the Neo-Assyrian Empire to overthrow the Kushite rulers, Psamtik I later gained autonomy as the Assyrian Empire weakened. He strategically navigated alliances and conflicts to maintain power, implementing reforms and expanding Egypt's influence. Psamtik I's reign marked a period of stability and prosperity, solidifying his legacy as a skilled and impactful ruler.

Djoser, an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 3rd Dynasty, is revered for being the founder of the Old Kingdom epoch. He is noted for his innovative architectural achievements, most notably the step pyramid, the earliest colossal stone building in ancient Egypt. Djoser's reign marked a significant period of architectural advancement and cultural development in Egypt. Despite uncertainties regarding his succession to the throne, his legacy as a pioneering builder and ruler endures through the enduring monument of the step pyramid.

Amenhotep II was the seventh pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He inherited a vast kingdom from his father Thutmose III and maintained it through military campaigns in Syria. Despite engaging in fewer battles than his father, Amenhotep II effectively secured peace with Mitanni, a major power in Syria, during his reign. His rule, from 1427 to 1401 BC, marked a period of stability in Egypt's foreign relations. His professional life as pharaoh was focused on maintaining and consolidating his father's conquests.

Arsinoë IV was a prominent figure in the political landscape of Ptolemaic Egypt, serving as queen and co-ruler alongside her brother Ptolemy XIII. She played a significant role in the siege of Alexandria against her sister Cleopatra, which led to her capture and subsequent exile to the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. Despite her imprisonment, Arsinoë continued to be a key player in the power struggles of the time, ultimately meeting her demise through execution on the orders of Mark Antony.

Menkaure, also known as Mykerinos or Menkheres, was a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt. He succeeded Khafre and is believed to have been the throne successor of king Bikheris according to Manetho. Menkaure is renowned for his Pyramid at Giza and statue triads depicting him with Hathor and other deities. His reign is characterized by his architectural achievements and his association with important religious and funerary practices, showcasing his significance in ancient Egyptian society and culture.

Amenhotep I was the second Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, ruling for about 21 years. He inherited a kingdom from his father’s conquests, maintained dominance over Nubia and the Nile Delta, and focused on temple rebuilding in Upper Egypt. He revolutionized mortuary complex design by separating his tomb from his mortuary temple, setting a trend in royal funerary monuments. After his death, he was deified as a patron god of Deir el-Medina, leaving a lasting legacy in Egyptian history.

Necho II, a king of the 26th Dynasty of Egypt, ruled from Sais and undertook various construction projects in his kingdom. He famously commissioned an expedition of Phoenicians to sail around Africa to the Strait of Gibraltar and back. Necho played a significant role in the histories of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire, and the Kingdom of Judah. Despite his ambitious campaigns, Necho faced defeat by the Babylonians in his attempts at Asiatic conquest, leading to his reputation as a man of action but ultimately perceived as a failure.

Unas was the ninth and last ruler of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt during the Old Kingdom. Little is known of his activities, but he reigned during a time of economic decline and maintained trade relations with other regions. He built a pyramid in Saqqara with a lavishly decorated mortuary complex and was the first pharaoh to have Pyramid Texts carved on the walls. Unas' funerary cult continued after his death and he may have been venerated as a local god of Saqqara for centuries.

Thutmose II, the fourth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, reigned from 1493 to 1479 BC. He had a relatively obscure professional life overshadowed by prominent family members, including his father, wife, and son. His reign is characterized by limited historical records, and he is known for his death at a young age. Thutmose II's body was discovered in the Deir el-Bahri Cache near the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, adding to the mystery surrounding his professional legacy.

Senusret I, also known as Sesostris I, was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled with power and authority, expanding Egypt's territory through strategic military campaigns in Nubia and the Western Desert. He established diplomatic relations with rulers in Syria and Canaan, showcasing his ability to maintain international alliances. Senusret I strove to centralize Egypt's political structure by supporting loyal nomarchs. His professional legacy is marked by his successful reign, marked by prosperity and achievements in military conquests and diplomatic relations.

Seqenenre Tao, known as "the Brave," was a ruler of the Theban region of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. He governed over the local kingdoms in the Seventeenth Dynasty, showing great courage and leadership. Seqenenre Tao's professional life was marked by his efforts to resist foreign powers and unify Egypt. He fought bravely against the Hyksos invaders, ultimately sacrificing his life in defense of his kingdom. His legacy as a fearless and devoted ruler continues to be remembered in Egyptian history.

Maathorneferure was a prominent figure in ancient Egypt, known for her role as a royal woman. She likely held significant influence in the royal court, possibly as a queen or a high-ranking official. Maathorneferure would have been involved in political matters, religious ceremonies, and cultural activities, contributing to the stability and prosperity of the kingdom. Her professional life would have been dedicated to serving the pharaoh and the Egyptian people, upholding the traditions and values of ancient Egyptian civilization.

Nefertiti was a queen of the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, known for her radical religious reforms alongside Pharaoh Akhenaten. Together, they introduced Atenism, promoting monotheism centered on the sun disc. During their reign, Egypt experienced significant wealth, with Nefertiti possibly ruling briefly after her husband's death. She may have been the female king Neferneferuaten. Nefertiti's professional legacy is further solidified by the discovery and display of her famous bust, created by the Egyptian sculptor Thutmose and now housed in Berlin's Neues Museum.

Thutmose IV was the 8th Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, ruling in the 14th century BC. His reign was marked by military campaigns, including expeditions to Nubia and Syria. He also focused on architectural projects, such as the completion of the Great Sphinx at Giza. Thutmose IV reestablished trade routes and maintained diplomatic relations with neighboring kingdoms. He is known for his dedication to the god Amun and his efforts to restore the religious traditions of Egypt.

Seti II, the fifth pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt, reigned during a tumultuous period characterized by dynastic intrigue and short reigns. Known for his throne name meaning "Powerful are the manifestations of Re," Seti II navigated serious plots during his rule, including dealing with a rival king named Amenmesse. His professional life was marked by the challenges of maintaining control over Thebes and Nubia in Upper Egypt, as well as managing the complexities of power struggles and political unrest within the kingdom.

Ramesses VI, the fifth ruler of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt, ascended the throne after the death of his predecessor. He successfully defended Upper Egypt against raids and undertook significant tomb construction projects. Despite Egypt's loss of control in Canaan and economic challenges, he sought to bolster his legacy by usurping monuments and commissioning cult statues of himself. Ramesses VI's reign saw a shift in power to Thebes, where the high-priest of Amun played a prominent role. He passed away in his forties, leaving behind a complex legacy of ambition and adaptation.

Khufu, also known as Cheops, was an ancient Egyptian monarch who ruled during the Fourth Dynasty in the Old Kingdom period. He succeeded his father Sneferu as king and is believed to have commissioned the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Despite the lack of detailed documentation on his reign, inscriptions in his necropolis at Giza and later texts provide insight into his professional life. Various ancient Egyptian and Greek historians offered conflicting portrayals of his character, creating a mixed legacy for Khufu.

Ay was the penultimate pharaoh of Egypt's 18th Dynasty, ruling for four years in the late 14th century BC. He served as a close advisor to multiple pharaohs before his reign. Speculated to have been a powerful figure during Tutankhamun's rule, his prenomen Kheperkheperure signifies "Everlasting are the Manifestations of Ra", and his nomen Ay it-netjer translates to "Ay, Father of the God." Ay's reign was brief, and his successor, Horemheb, sought to erase his memory along with other pharaohs from the Amarna Period.

Sobekneferu, the pharaoh of ancient Egypt, was the last ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. She ascended to the throne following Amenemhat IV's death, asserting legitimacy through her father Amenemhat III. Her reign lasted 3 years, 10 months, and 24 days. She adopted the full royal titulary, distinguishing herself from prior female rulers, and was the first ruler associated with the crocodile god Sobek. Sobekneferu's professional life is evidenced through sparse contemporary statues, inscriptions, and the speculated but unfinished Northern Mazghuna pyramid.

Nectanebo II was the last native ruler and pharaoh of the Thirtieth Dynasty in ancient Egypt. He encouraged the development of a distinctive artistic style during his reign, which had a lasting impact on the art of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Nectanebo II was known for his devotion to various cults within the Egyptian religion, with evidence found at numerous sites across the country. He successfully defended Egypt against the Achaemenid Empire for several years before being betrayed and ultimately defeated, leading to the incorporation of Egypt into the Achaemenid Empire.

Cleopatra Selene II was a Ptolemaic princess, Queen of Numidia and Mauretania, and Queen of Cyrenaica. She played a significant role in the early Augustan age, holding important positions of power and influence. Selene's professional life was marked by her leadership in government decisions, particularly in trade and construction projects in Mauretania. Under her reign, the country experienced great prosperity, becoming extremely wealthy. Through her strategic governance, Selene left a lasting impact on the regions she ruled, contributing to the intermarriage of the Ptolemaic line into Roman nobility for generations.

Ptolemy V Epiphanes Eucharistus became King of Ptolemaic Egypt at a young age, facing challenges from incompetent regents and external threats. He lost territories in Asia Minor and the Levant to rival kingdoms and dealt with an Egyptian revolt. After coming of age, he made peace with Antiochus III and married his daughter, leading to conflicts with the Romans. Ptolemy V managed to reconquer parts of Egypt but died suddenly, potentially poisoned, before fulfilling plans for further warfare. His reign marked the decline of Ptolemaic power in the Mediterranean.

Fuad II of Egypt had a brief reign as the last King of Egypt and the Sudan in the early 1950s, before being deposed. Following his deposition, he pursued a career in business and worked in various international companies. He has also been involved in philanthropic activities and cultural initiatives, promoting Egyptian heritage and art. Despite his short-lived reign, Fuad II has remained active in public life, representing the historical Muhammad Ali dynasty and contributing to various social causes.

Shoshenq I was a prominent pharaoh of ancient Egypt, reigning over the Twenty-second Dynasty. He established himself as a powerful ruler during his reign from approximately 943 to 922 BC. Shoshenq I is known for his military conquests and successful campaigns, expanding Egypt's influence and territory. His leadership and strategic prowess allowed him to maintain stability and prosperity within the kingdom. Shoshenq I's legacy as a skilled and capable pharaoh solidified his place in Egyptian history as a respected and influential figure.

Amenemhat III, a pharaoh of ancient Egypt, reigned during the Middle Kingdom's zenith. He inherited a stable Egypt due to his father's policies and focused on extensive building projects, notably in Faiyum. He constructed temples, statues, and pyramids, showcasing his architectural prowess. Amenemhat III utilized Egypt's resources for his projects, overseeing expeditions to various quarries. While not heavily involved in military campaigns, he maintained peace and prosperity throughout his long reign, eventually sharing power with Amenemhat IV before the end of his rule.

Ramesses IV served as the third pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, inheriting the throne at a young age. Known for his dedication to his duties, he held titles such as "Hereditary Prince," "Royal scribe," and "Generalissimo." He appointed officials to important positions and demonstrated leadership by taking on increasing responsibilities. Despite his relatively short reign, Ramesses IV made significant contributions to the administration and governance of the kingdom, leaving a lasting impact on the history of Ancient Egypt.

Abbas Helmy II, also known as ʿAbbās Ḥilmī Pāshā, served as the last Khedive of Egypt and the Sudan from January 1892 to December 1914. During his reign, Egypt transitioned from being a province of the Ottoman Empire to a more autonomous state. However, in 1914, due to political changes related to World War I, Abbas II was removed by the British in favor of his uncle, Hussein Kamel. This marked the formal end of Egypt's centuries-long connection to the Ottoman Empire.

Farouk I was the tenth ruler of Egypt from the Muhammad Ali dynasty. He reigned as King of Egypt and the Sudan from 1936 until his overthrow in a military coup in 1952. Known for his extravagant playboy lifestyle, Farouk's reign was marked by corruption and incompetence in his government. He was forced to abdicate in favor of his infant son, Ahmed Fuad II, following the 1952 coup d'état. Farouk died in exile in Italy in 1965.

Marwān II, also known as the fourteenth and final caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, faced a turbulent professional life marked by civil unrest and challenges to his rule. His reign was characterized by a civil war that ultimately led to the downfall of the Umayyad dynasty. Despite his efforts to maintain control, he was unable to prevent the Abbasid Revolution from toppling his dynasty, making him the last Umayyad ruler to govern the united Caliphate.

Merneptah was the fourth pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, ruling for almost ten years. He came to power as the thirteenth son of Ramesses II, ascending to the throne due to the deaths of his older brothers. Known for the Merneptah Stele, which contains the first mention of Israel, he held the throne name Ba-en-re Mery-netjeru, meaning "Soul of Ra, Beloved of the Gods". He was around seventy years old when he became pharaoh.

Tewfik Pasha served as the khedive of Egypt and the Sudan from 1879 to 1892, during which he faced challenges left by his predecessor Isma'il, including financial and political mismanagement. He dealt with disaffection in the Egyptian army and foreign control of the state, leading to the Urabi revolt. Tewfik focused on improving irrigation, education, and justice systems. Additionally, he made significant changes, such as selling his father's female slaves and closing the court's harem quarters, during his tenure.

Ramesses XI was the final pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt, ruling for at least 29 years, possibly up to 33 years. He was the last king of the New Kingdom period, overseeing Egypt during a time of significant political and social change. Known for his military campaigns and religious duties, Ramesses XI maintained control over Nubia and Thebes. His reign is marked by his interactions with influential figures like the general and High Priest of Amun, Piankh, as recorded in inscriptions and graffito.

Al-Kamil was a Kurdish Muslim ruler and the fourth Ayyubid sultan of Egypt. He played a significant role in history by leading the Ayyubids to victory against the Fifth Crusade. Notably, during the Sixth Crusade, he ceded West Jerusalem to the Christians, showcasing his diplomatic skills. Al-Kamil's interactions with the Frankish crusaders and his meeting with Saint Francis demonstrate his willingness to engage in dialogue and negotiations. His professional life was characterized by military achievements, political astuteness, and a commitment to fostering peaceful resolutions.

Ptolemy II Philadelphus was the pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 284 to 246 BC. During his reign, he focused on enhancing the material and literary splendor of the Alexandrian court. He notably promoted the Museum and Library of Alexandria. Ptolemy pursued an aggressive foreign policy, engaging in conflicts such as the First Syrian War against the Seleucid Empire and the Chremonidean War against Antigonid Macedonia. Despite some successes, he also faced setbacks, such as losing control of Cyrenaica and experiencing losses in the Second Syrian War.

Senusret III was a powerful pharaoh of Egypt who ruled during the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. He led successful military campaigns that resulted in a period of peace and economic prosperity. His reign saw a reduction in the power of regional rulers and a revival in craftwork, trade, and urban development. Senusret III was highly respected and even deified during his lifetime, a rare honor for Egyptian kings. He is considered to have ruled at the height of the Middle Kingdom, leaving a lasting legacy of stability and prosperity.

Ptolemy IV Philopator reigned as the fourth pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, overseeing a period marked by internal purges and reliance on courtiers for governance. His rule saw significant military engagements, notably the Fourth Syrian War resulting in a major victory at the Battle of Raphia. However, he faced challenges in maintaining control over the southern territories, ultimately losing them to a rebel pharaoh. Criticized for prioritizing luxury over state affairs, his reign is often linked to the start of the decline of the Ptolemaic dynasty.

Djedefre was an ancient Egyptian king of the 4th Dynasty during the Old Kingdom. He succeeded his father, Khufu, as pharaoh and introduced the royal title Sa-Rê, emphasizing his connection to the sun god Ra. Djedefre is known for linking his cartouche name with Ra, symbolizing his divine authority. He played a significant role in shaping the religious and royal symbols of ancient Egypt, leaving a lasting impact on the culture and beliefs of his time.

Userkaf was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the founder of the Fifth Dynasty. He may have been a high priest of Ra before ascending the throne and built a sun temple known as the Nekhenre. This temple served as a mortuary temple for the setting sun and emphasized Ra's creator function. Userkaf also built a pyramid in Saqqara and a smaller pyramid for one of his queens. His reign saw the ascendancy of the cult of Ra and he is known for his architectural achievements and possible military expeditions.

Thutmose I was the third pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, succeeding Amenhotep I. He expanded Egypt's borders by campaigning in the Levant and Nubia. Known for building temples and his tomb in the Valley of the Kings, he was the first confirmed king to do so. His reign is generally dated to 1506–1493 BC, although some scholars suggest alternate dates. Thutmose I was succeeded by his son Thutmose II, followed by Thutmose II's sister, Hatshepsut.

Ramesses IX, the eighth pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt, ruled for 18 years, 4 months, and 6 days. He assumed the throne on I Akhet day 21 and passed away in Regnal Year 19 I Peret day 27. His throne name, Neferkare Setepenre, translates to "Beautiful Is The Soul of Re, Chosen of Re." Believed to be the son of Mentuherkhepeshef, a descendant of Ramesses III, Ramesses IX enjoyed a significant reign, ranking third in longevity within his dynasty.

Ptolemy III Euergetes was the third pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, ruling from 246 to 222 BC. He oversaw the height of the Ptolemaic Kingdom's military and economic power. Ptolemy III initiated successful military campaigns such as the Third Syrian War, expanding the kingdom's territory. He also strengthened ties with the Egyptian priestly elite, leading to greater centralized power. Despite setbacks like the defeat at the Battle of Andros, Ptolemy III continued to provide support to allies in Greece throughout his reign.

Cleopatra Selene of Syria's professional life was marked by strategic marriages and political alliances as she navigated the tumultuous landscape of ancient kingdoms. She served as Queen consort of Egypt and Syria, and later as monarch of Syria, utilizing her position to solidify alliances and assert her influence. Cleopatra Selene faced challenges such as political tensions, civil wars, and foreign invasions, ultimately meeting a tragic end when she was captured and executed by Tigranes II of Armenia during a siege in 69 BC.

Ptolemy XIV Philopator was a Pharaoh of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. He ascended to the throne in 47 BC and ruled until his death in 44 BC. During his reign, Ptolemy XIV faced challenges both internally and externally, including power struggles within the royal family and conflicts with rival factions. Despite his relatively short rule, he made efforts to maintain stability in Egypt and uphold the traditions of the Ptolemaic dynasty. His reign was marked by political intrigue and shifting alliances in the ancient Mediterranean world.

Khasekhemwy, the last Pharaoh of the Second Dynasty of Egypt, is known for leading significant military campaigns and constructing the mudbrick fort Shunet El Zebib. His professional life was marked by successful military strategies and the establishment of defensive structures. His Horus name, "The Two Powerful Ones Appear," reflects his strong leadership and military prowess. Khasekhemwy's reign was characterized by military achievements and the fortification of key locations, leaving a lasting legacy in ancient Egyptian history.

Djer was the third pharaoh of the First Dynasty of ancient Egypt, reigning for approximately 40 years around the mid-31st century BC. His professional life is notable for his leadership and governance during this early period of Egyptian history. Djer's reign saw advancements in governance and administration, as well as cultural and architectural developments. His legacy is reflected in the discoveries associated with him, such as the mummified forearm found by Egyptologist Flinders Petrie. Despite some controversies surrounding his remains, Djer remains a significant figure in ancient Egyptian history.

Kamose was the last Pharaoh of the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty and a key figure in Egyptian history during the Second Intermediate Period. He is known for his military initiatives against the Hyksos, who had taken control of parts of Ancient Egypt. Kamose's reign saw important campaigns against the Hyksos, building upon the efforts initiated by his father. His reign is marked by his decisive actions in reclaiming territory and ultimately paving the way for the reunification of Egypt under his brother Ahmose I.

Sahure was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt during the Old Kingdom Period. His reign marked the political and cultural peak of the Fifth Dynasty. He established important trade relations with the Levantine coast, conducted naval expeditions to procure goods, and ordered expeditions to lands like Punt for resources. Sahure built a pyramid in Abusir, introducing innovative architectural elements that became standard in Egyptian architecture. He was revered through a lasting funerary cult and associated with the goddess Sekhmet in later periods.

Cleopatra I Syra was a princess of the Seleucid Empire who became Queen of Ptolemaic Egypt through marriage. She served as regent of Egypt after her husband's death until her own passing. As regent, Cleopatra I Syra played a crucial role in governing the kingdom and ensuring stability during her son's minority. Her leadership and political acumen were instrumental in maintaining Egypt's power and influence during a challenging period, leaving a lasting impact on the region's history.

Amenemhat I was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the first king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. He led an expedition to Wadi Hammamat and may have overthrown his predecessor Mentuhotep IV. Scholars debate whether he killed Mentuhotep IV. Amenemhat I was not of royal lineage and utilized literary works and architecture to legitimize his rule. He relocated the capital to Itjtawy and was buried in el-Lisht. There are theories that he may have been assassinated.

Ramses VII was the sixth pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, reigning from about 1136 to 1129 BC. He succeeded his father, Ramesses VI, and ruled for a relatively short period. His reign is documented in the Turin Accounting Papyrus 1907+1908, which indicates that 11 full years passed from the end of Ramesses VI's reign to the early years of Ramses VII. Ramses VII's professional life was marked by efforts to maintain stability and continuity within the Egyptian kingdom during his brief reign.

Ramesses VIII served as the seventh Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, reigning for a brief period in 1130–1129 BC. He was one of the 10 sons of Ramesses III. His professional life was primarily focused on governing and maintaining the stability of the kingdom during his short reign. As a pharaoh, he would have been responsible for overseeing religious ceremonies, managing the administration of the kingdom, and possibly engaging in military campaigns to protect Egypt's interests.