Empresses & Queens

Queen Elizabeth II held the throne for 70 years and 214 days, marking her as the longest-reigning British and female monarch, and the second-longest in history. Throughout her reign, she managed significant political transformations, such as decolonization and the UK's involvement with the European Communities. She engaged in various state visits and meetings with global leaders. Key events included her 1953 coronation and jubilee celebrations. Despite obstacles, the monarchy and her popularity endured.

Cleopatra VII ruled as Queen of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, the final active leader of the Ptolemaic dynasty. She was unique in her ability to speak Egyptian. Cleopatra faced political challenges during her reign, engaging in civil wars and forming alliances with key Roman leaders such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Her influence persists through artistic portrayals and references in various forms of media, solidifying her as a lasting historical figure.

Queen Victoria's professional legacy was shaped by her six-decade reign as the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, defining the Victorian era. During her rule, she oversaw substantial industrial, political, scientific, and military advancements within the United Kingdom, as well as the expansion of the British Empire. In 1876, she was bestowed with the title of Empress of India by the British Parliament. As a constitutional monarch, she aimed to impact government policies and appointments while maintaining high personal moral values, solidifying her status as a national icon.

Mary, Queen of Scots, governed Scotland from 1542 to 1567 until she was compelled to step down from the throne. She wed Francis and became queen consort of France. Upon her return to Scotland, she grappled with religious and political obstacles, demonstrating pragmatism and tolerance. Her union with Lord Darnley turned sour after he orchestrated a murder. Following Darnley's demise, Mary was imprisoned and later abdicated in favor of her son, James VI. Seeking sanctuary in England, she was viewed as a threat by Queen Elizabeth I and ultimately executed for conspiring against her.

Catherine the Great ruled as empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. Under her leadership, Enlightenment-inspired reforms sparked a cultural and scientific renaissance in Russia. She enlisted the support of noble favorites and skilled military leaders to govern the expanding Russian Empire through conquest and diplomacy. Catherine oversaw colonization, city founding, and modernization efforts in Russia, adopting Western European practices. However, her reign was marked by challenges like rebellions and the persistence of serfdom.

Anne Boleyn played a significant role in the political and religious changes of the English Reformation. She was instrumental in King Henry VIII's quest to divorce Catherine of Aragon and wed her. Following their marriage, Anne ascended to the throne in 1533. Unfortunately, she faced allegations of treason and was executed in 1536. Despite her tragic fate, she is remembered as a martyr and key figure in the English Reformation.

Elizabeth I of England ruled from 1558 until her death in 1603. Known as the Virgin Queen, she established the Church of England and governed with wise advice. Her moderate leadership style and religious tolerance distinguished her from previous monarchs. Elizabeth skillfully managed foreign relations and contended with assassination plots. Her reign witnessed a golden age of English theater and seafaring exploration, culminating in the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth's rule brought stability and fostered a strong national identity.

Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi emerged as a significant leader during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, demonstrating steadfast resistance against British rule. Following her husband's passing, she staunchly opposed surrendering control of Jhansi to the British East India Company. Leading the defense of Jhansi and actively participating in the rebellion, she notably contributed to the capture of Gwalior. Her unwavering courage and resolute leadership established her as a revered national hero and a symbol of India's defiance against colonial oppression.

Catherine de' Medici was Queen of France and a key political figure during a tumultuous period of civil and religious unrest. She balanced power struggles and conflicts, initially showing leniency towards the Huguenots before taking a more aggressive stance. Despite challenges, she upheld the monarchy and promoted the arts to strengthen her sons' rule and the reputation of the Valois dynasty.

Boudica, a queen of the ancient British Iceni tribe, led a notable uprising against the Roman Empire in AD 60 or 61. She is revered as a British national hero representing the fight for justice and autonomy. Boudica's leadership in the revolt caused considerable losses among both Romans and Britons. Although she was ultimately defeated by Roman forces led by Governor Suetonius, her legacy as a fearless leader and symbol of resistance against tyranny has persisted over time.

Nefertiti was a queen of the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt who, alongside her husband Pharaoh Akhenaten, promoted Atenism, an early form of monotheism. Together, they led a radical transformation of state religious practices. Nefertiti and Akhenaten ruled during a prosperous period in Egypt's history. Following her husband's passing, there is scholarly discussion about whether she briefly served as a female king before Tutankhamun's reign. Her rule potentially witnessed the decline of Amarna and the return of the capital to Thebes.

Isabella I of Castile, known as Isabella the Catholic, was the Queen of Castile and León from 1474 until her death in 1504. Together with her husband King Ferdinand II of Aragon, she reformed the government, reduced crime, cleared the kingdom's debt, and played a key role in unifying Spain. Their rule saw the end of the Reconquista, the expulsion of Jews, the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition, support for Christopher Columbus's journey to the New World, and the ascendance of Spain as a major European power during the Spanish Golden Age.

Eleanor of Aquitaine was a prominent figure in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages. She held significant power as Duchess of Aquitaine and later as Queen of France. Following an annulled marriage, she wed Henry, Duke of Normandy, who eventually became King of England. Eleanor supported her sons in a revolt against Henry II and was later imprisoned. She served as regent during Richard I's reign and advocated for John to succeed him. Eleanor passed away in 1204.

The Empress Dowager Cixi wielded significant influence over the Chinese government for nearly 50 years during the late Qing dynasty. Following the death of the Xianfeng Emperor, she assumed the role of co-empress dowager and regent, solidifying her power by appointing her nephew as the Guangxu Emperor. Cixi oversaw moderate reforms, advancements in technology and the military, while also suppressing radical reform movements. Her reign was marked by both achievements and setbacks, sparking debates among historians regarding her legacy and the impact of her policies on the Qing dynasty.

Razia Sultana made history as the first female Muslim ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. She displayed strong leadership and governance, overcoming obstacles to claim the throne. Despite facing resistance from certain nobles, she asserted her authority by appointing non-Turkic officials to important roles. Her reign focused on consolidating power and managing political complexities. While her rule was cut short and ended tragically, Razia Sultana's legacy endures as a trailblazing female monarch in the Indian subcontinent.

Liliʻuokalani was the only queen and last sovereign monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom, reigning from 1891 until the overthrow in 1893. She was a talented composer, known for creating "Aloha ʻOe" and other works. Liliʻuokalani wrote her autobiography while imprisoned post-overthrow. After her brother's death, she became queen and tried to draft a new constitution to restore monarchy power and voting rights. However, her reign was cut short by a coup d'état, leading to her forced abdication and the subsequent annexation of Hawaiʻi by the United States.

Queen Amina of the Hausa people was a renowned military leader in the 16th century known for expanding her kingdom through strategic warfare and diplomacy. Her leadership was marked by tactical brilliance and the ability to rally her people to achieve military success. Amina is celebrated for her strong leadership qualities and dedication to protecting her realm. Her fearless and visionary approach continues to serve as an inspiration in West African history and beyond.

Theodora, a Byzantine empress, served as the key adviser to her husband, Emperor Justinian I. Rising to power in 527, she was known for her intelligence and political acumen. Theodora played a crucial role in decision-making and governance during her time as empress, surpassing the traditional duties of a royal consort. Highly respected for her strategic counsel and leadership, she is revered as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodox Church.

Empress Suiko was the 33rd monarch of Japan, the country's first and longest-reigning empress regnant. She ruled from 593 to 628, promoting Buddhism, enhancing diplomatic ties, and implementing administrative reforms, such as establishing a centralized government system. Her leadership and governance shaped Japanese history and established her as a significant historical figure.

Amalasuintha governed as regent for her son Athalaric in the Ostrogothic Kingdom before ascending as queen. Renowned for her extensive education and mastery of Greek, Gothic, and Latin, she was esteemed for her wisdom by historians Cassiodorus and Procopius. Despite resistance from Gothic nobles over her autonomy and Roman affiliations, Amalasuintha proved to be a skilled and astute ruler. Tragically, her reign was abruptly terminated after six months when she was overthrown and murdered by her opponents.

Anne reigned as Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 8 March 1702, and later as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland following the ratification of the Acts of Union 1707. She supported moderate Tory politicians, but her close friendships soured due to political disagreements. Anne struggled with health problems and faced difficulties in handling relationships with important figures, like Sarah Churchill. Despite her efforts, Anne passed away without leaving any surviving heirs, leading to the end of the House of Stuart.

Marie Antoinette, as queen consort of France, faced growing unpopularity due to accusations of excessive spending, promiscuity, illegitimacy, and sympathies for France's enemies. Her involvement in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace harmed her reputation. During the French Revolution, she earned the nickname Madame Déficit for her extravagant lifestyle and opposition to reforms. Her image was further damaged by events like the failed flight to Varennes and the War of the First Coalition. Ultimately, she was imprisoned, tried for high treason, and guillotined in 1793.

Mary I of England, famously known as "Bloody Mary," was Queen of England, Ireland, Spain, and the Habsburg dominions. She strongly opposed the English Reformation started by her father and attempted to undo it. Despite facing obstacles from Parliament, Mary tried to reclaim Church property. Her reign was marked by the execution of more than 280 religious dissenters in the Marian persecutions. Mary made history as the first queen regnant of England. Her marriage to Prince Philip of Spain in 1554 strengthened her authority.

Maathorneferure was a notable figure in ancient Egyptian society, holding a high-ranking position, possibly within the royal court or administration. As a member of the elite bureaucracy, Maathorneferure played a crucial role in organizing activities like mineral exploitation, construction projects, and trade. Collaborating with scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the pharaoh's authority, Maathorneferure worked to promote unity and cooperation among the Egyptian people.

Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz served as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland alongside King George III. She was also the Queen of Hanover and the Electress of Hanover. Charlotte was known for her long tenure as queen consort, lasting 57 years and 70 days. She was a supporter of the arts, an amateur botanist, and played a role in expanding Kew Gardens. Charlotte is credited with introducing the Christmas tree tradition to Britain and had a close relationship with Queen Marie Antoinette of France. Her professional legacy includes promoting cultural activities and advancements in horticulture.

Lady Jane Grey briefly claimed the throne of England and Ireland in 1553 as the "Nine Days' Queen." Nominated by King Edward VI due to her Protestant beliefs, her reign was short-lived as support for Mary I grew rapidly, leading to her deposition and eventual execution on charges of treason. Despite her brief time as queen, Jane was known for her humanist education and reputation as one of the most learned young women of her day.

Medusa, a Gorgon from Greek mythology, was known for her terrifying appearance with snakes for hair that turned onlookers to stone. The Greek hero Perseus beheaded her and used her head as a weapon, which Athena later placed on her shield. The image of Medusa's head, known as the Gorgoneion, was used as an evil-averting device in classical antiquity. Medusa's existence was linked to various locations, including Sarpedon and Libya.

Persephone is a key figure in ancient Greek mythology and religion, known for becoming the queen of the underworld after being abducted by Hades. She is revered as a vegetation goddess, symbolizing the cycle of spring and vegetation, which represents the growth, harvest, and renewal of grain crops. Persephone and her mother Demeter are central to the Eleusinian Mysteries, offering the promise of a happy afterlife to those initiated. The cult of Persephone, rooted in ancient agrarian traditions, was observed in various regions, including Athens and Epizephyrian Locris in southern Italy.

Elizabeth of York primarily prioritized her family life over involvement in politics. Her marriage to King Henry VII was fruitful, resulting in seven children. Although she faced the sorrow of losing some of her children, her second son, Henry VIII, eventually ascended to the throne of England. Her daughters, Margaret and Mary, also became queens of Scotland and France. Elizabeth's focus on her family overshadowed any notable achievements in her professional life.

Catherine Howard's professional life was centered on her role as Queen of England from July 1540 to November 1541. She became the fifth wife of King Henry VIII after catching his interest while serving in the household of his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves. Catherine's reign was brief, as she was stripped of her title as queen in November 1541 and later beheaded for committing adultery with her distant cousin, Thomas Culpeper.

Empress Elisabeth of Austria had a long reign of 44 years and was instrumental in creating the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867. Despite her challenges with court life, she preferred the more relaxed atmosphere in Hungary. Following the tragic loss of her son and his companion in 1889, Elisabeth distanced herself from court responsibilities and dedicated her time to extensive travel. She commissioned the construction of the Achilleion palace in Corfu, where she escaped and upheld her youthful looks with a disciplined diet and wearing tight corsets.

Catherine Parr served as Queen of England and Ireland during the reign of King Henry VIII, making her the sixth wife of the king. As the final queen consort of the House of Tudor, Catherine made significant contributions to English history. She was the first woman in England to publish an original work under her own name and played a key role in reinstating Henry's daughters Mary and Elizabeth in the line of succession. Catherine also acted as regent while Henry was engaged in a military campaign in France. Following Henry's passing, she took on the role of guardian to her stepdaughter Elizabeth. Known for her Protestant sympathies, Catherine authored several books during her time as queen.

Elizabeth Woodville served as Queen of England twice and was recognized for her beauty. She had a secret marriage with King Edward IV and played a significant role in the Wars of the Roses, benefiting her family through her royal ties. Even amidst political unrest and personal hardships, she maintained her influence following her husband's passing, contributing to the establishment of the Tudor dynasty by arranging her daughter's marriage to Henry VII. Elizabeth's legacy at the royal court and her eventual withdrawal from political affairs remain shrouded in mystery.

Anne of Cleves briefly served as Queen of England in 1540 during her marriage to King Henry VIII. Their union, arranged for political reasons with her brother William, was annulled after six months for being unconsummated. Anne received a generous settlement and was thereafter referred to as the King's Beloved Sister. She lived in England for the rest of her life, outliving Henry's other wives and witnessing the reigns of Edward VI and Mary I.

Margaret Tudor ruled as Queen of Scotland and later acted as regent for her son. She strategically maneuvered through political alliances and worked to extend her regency. Her marriage to King James IV united the royal houses of England and Scotland, paving the way for the Union of the Crowns. Margaret faced opposition from rival factions and was temporarily removed as regent. However, she successfully orchestrated a coup to reclaim power, securing her position as regent and chief advisor to King James V.

Margrethe II of Denmark served as Queen from 1972 to 2024, making her the most recent female monarch in the world. Beyond her royal duties, Margrethe was known for her work as a scenographer, costume designer, and illustrator, including interpretations of J. R. R. Tolkien's writings. Under her reign, support for the monarchy in Denmark grew significantly, peaking at around eighty percent at the time of her abdication. Margrethe's reign of 52 years was characterized by a successful balance between her artistic pursuits and royal responsibilities.

Alexandra Feodorovna was the last Empress of Russia, married to Emperor Nicholas II until his abdication in 1917. She faced criticism for her influence over the Emperor and her association with the mystic Rasputin, which contributed to the declining popularity of the Romanov monarchy. Following the Russian Revolution, she and her family were executed in Bolshevik captivity. In 2000, the Russian Orthodox Church canonized her as Saint Alexandra the Passion Bearer.

Alexandra of Denmark was Queen of the United Kingdom, the British Dominions, and Empress of India. She was Princess of Wales for 38 years before becoming Queen Consort. Alexandra was renowned for her popularity, fashion sense, and charitable work. Despite being mostly sidelined from political matters, she sought to advocate for Greek and Danish interests to British ministers and her husband's family. Following her husband's passing, she served as queen mother until their son, George V, assumed the throne.

Victoria, Princess Royal was the German Empress and Queen of Prussia. Educated in a politically liberal environment, she aimed for a constitutional monarchy in Prussia and the German Empire. Despite facing criticism and ostracism for her views and English origins, Victoria briefly held influence over German Empire policy during her time as empress. After her husband's death, she was known as Empress Frederick and lived in Kronberg im Taunus.

Lagertha, a celebrated Viking ruler and shield-maiden hailing from Norway, was renowned for her outstanding leadership abilities and combat prowess. Commanding respect and admiration from her people, she fearlessly led them into battles, securing victories through strategic decision-making. Her reputation as a fierce warrior and skilled tactician resonated across lands, establishing her as a prominent figure in Viking history. Lagertha's professional life was marked by unwavering determination, resilience, and dedication to safeguarding her people and expanding her realm.

Infanta Leonor of Spain is the heiress presumptive to the Spanish throne. She has received education at prestigious institutions and undergone a 3-year military training at the General Military Academy. Holding several traditional titles of the heir to the Spanish crown, she is expected to become Spain's first queen regnant in over a century. Her professional endeavors reflect her dedication to fulfilling her future role as monarch and representing the Spanish royal family with dignity and honor.

Queen Rania of Jordan is recognized for her commitment to education initiatives and youth programs in her country, as well as her global advocacy for education and cross-cultural dialogue. She is also a published author of three children's books: The Sandwich Swap, The King’s Gift, and Enduring Beauty. Through her philanthropic efforts and literary works, Queen Rania contributes positively to both domestic and international communities.

The Amazons were a group of formidable female warriors and hunters known for their exceptional physical abilities, including agility, strength, archery, riding skills, and combat expertise. Led by their queen, they embarked on extensive military campaigns in various regions, where they built temples and ancient cities. Their society excluded men, focusing on raising daughters and only briefly interacting with fathers for reproduction purposes. They were based in the independent kingdom of Pontus in northern Anatolia, with their capital located at Themiscyra on the banks of the Thermodon river. Archaeological findings suggest that their myth may have been influenced by the horse cultures of the Scythian, Sarmatian, and Hittite peoples.

Jezebel's professional life was defined by her influential role as the wife of King Ahab of Israel. She was known for promoting the worship of Baal and Asherah, which ultimately led to the downfall of the Omride dynasty. Jezebel's controversial actions, such as her involvement in Naboth's death, fueled resentment among the Israelites. Her defiance of the prophet Elijah ultimately resulted in her demise, as she was thrown out of a window and consumed by dogs under Jehu's command.

Maria Theresa ruled the Habsburg dominions for 40 years, making her the only woman to hold the position in her own right. Throughout her reign, she successfully defended most of the Habsburg monarchy despite facing challenges like the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War. Maria Theresa implemented significant reforms in various sectors, including institutions, finance, medicine, education, and the military, with the support of key advisers. She also emphasized promoting commerce, agriculture, and enhancing Austria's international standing.

Cassandra, a respected Trojan priestess devoted to Apollo, was renowned for her gift of true prophecy. Despite her accurate predictions of disaster, she was cursed by Apollo to never be believed. In some versions of the myth, the curse stemmed from breaking a promise to the god, while in others, it resulted from a failed romantic engagement. Cassandra's prophetic ability was heightened by snakes in a temple, allowing her to receive prophecies that were frequently ignored.

Empress Elizabeth of Russia, who reigned from 1741 until her death in 1762, was known for her mercy and refusal to execute anyone during her rule. She oversaw various construction projects, opposed Prussian policies, and led advancements in education, architecture, and governance. Elizabeth played a significant role in major European conflicts, forming alliances and securing military victories. Her legacy includes the enhancement of Russian culture and influence during the Age of Enlightenment.

Empress Wu Zetian, also known as Empress Wu Zhao, was a formidable ruler of China, making history as the only female sovereign to ascend the throne. Through her strength, intelligence, and ambition, she led the country to become a prominent global power. Wu introduced significant reforms in governance, intelligence, and the imperial examination system, reshaping the nation's bureaucracy and fostering capable officials. Her influence extended to cultural and religious realms, leaving a lasting imprint on Chinese society.

Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon ascended to the throne as Queen of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth in 1936. Following her husband's passing, she was known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and devoted herself to public service. Throughout World War II, she offered vital moral support to the British people. Widowed at a relatively young age, she assumed the role of matriarch within the British royal family. Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother retained her popularity and remained actively involved in public life until she passed away at the remarkable age of 101.

Catherine of Valois became Queen of England in 1420 following her marriage to King Henry V. The union was strategically planned to help Henry V claim the French throne and bring an end to the Hundred Years' War. After Henry V's passing, Catherine's marriage to Owen Tudor helped pave the way for the rise of the House of Tudor. This lineage eventually led to her grandson, Henry VII, ascending to the English throne. Catherine's political maneuvers had a lasting impact on England's political landscape during her reign.

Maria Feodorovna served as the Empress of Russia from 1881 to 1894 during the reign of Emperor Alexander III. She contributed significantly to her husband's rule, displaying dedication to charitable causes and social initiatives. Maria also played an active role in diplomacy, representing Russia at official events. Following her husband's passing, she remained engaged in public affairs, supporting her son Nicholas as he ascended to the throne as the final Emperor of Russia.

Beatrix of the Netherlands served as Queen from 1980 to 2013. She studied in Canada during WWII before completing her education in the Netherlands. Beatrix obtained a law degree in 1961 and married Claus von Amsberg in 1966. Under her reign, the country's Caribbean territories underwent changes, with Aruba gaining independence in 1986 and the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles in 2010. Beatrix stepped down from the throne in 2013, becoming the oldest monarch to abdicate in the country's history.

Maria Theresa of Spain married King Louis XIV to end the war between France and Spain. Known for her virtue and piety, she briefly served as regent during her husband's absence. Her death at 44 was due to complications from an abscess, leading to the succession of her grandson Philip V as the ruler of Spain and the establishment of the House of Bourbon as the ruling dynasty.

Isabella of France was a notable Queen of England known for her diplomatic skills, intelligence, and beauty. As de facto regent, she played a crucial role in the political landscape by supporting her husband, King Edward II, forming alliances, and wielding power. Isabella eventually deposed Edward and assumed regency for her son, Edward III. She faced challenges during her rule, such as internal repression and regime instability, but navigated political complexities and resolved longstanding issues, leaving a lasting legacy.

Catherine of Aragon, as the first wife of King Henry VIII, was Queen of England. She served as regent of England for six months in 1513 and made significant contributions to the English victory at the Battle of Flodden. Catherine was a trailblazer as the first known female ambassador in European history. She also commissioned influential works such as The Education of a Christian Woman. Catherine was a notable patron of Renaissance humanism, fostering relationships with scholars like Erasmus and Thomas More. Additionally, she was renowned for her charitable endeavors to support the poor.

Matilda was a contender for the English throne during the Anarchy civil war. She served as imperial regent in Italy before returning to Normandy. Nominated as heir by King Henry I, she faced opposition in her bid for the throne. With support from allies, Matilda tried to seize the throne by force and controlled parts of England during the stalemate. While never officially declared Queen, her efforts played a pivotal role in the eventual succession of her son, Henry II, who established the Angevin Empire.

Mary II of England co-reigned with her husband, King William III and II, from 1689 until her death in 1694. Together, they ruled as William and Mary. Mary's strong leadership was evident during this period, especially when William was away on military missions. She played a key role in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which resulted in the removal of King James II. Mary's capable governance style shone through during this turbulent time.

Styx, a prominent figure in Greek mythology, is revered as a goddess and river of the Underworld. She played a crucial role in the war between Zeus and the Titans by supporting Zeus. As a result, Zeus decreed that the solemn oaths of the gods be sworn by the water of Styx, highlighting her significance and influence among the deities. Styx's professional life is characterized by her loyalty to Zeus and her pivotal role in shaping the divine realm through her association with oaths and the Underworld.

Mary of Guise served as Queen of Scotland from 1538 to 1542 and later as queen regent from 1554 until her passing in 1560. She played a crucial role in the political and religious events of 16th-century Scotland, demonstrating a strong determination to safeguard her daughter's interests, uphold the Franco-Scottish alliance, and strengthen the authority of the Scottish crown. Mary showed tolerance towards religious reforms and pursued a policy of accommodation with her Protestant subjects.

Queen Noor Al Hussein is a well-known American-born Jordanian philanthropist and activist with a remarkable dedication to various global initiatives. She is actively engaged in organizations like the International Commission on Missing Persons and the United World Colleges movement, where she holds the position of president. Through her advocacy for the anti-nuclear weapons proliferation campaign Global Zero, Queen Noor has shown a deep commitment to public service, receiving accolades such as the prestigious Woodrow Wilson Award from Princeton University.

Hurrem Sultan was the chief consort and legal wife of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. She was one of the most powerful and influential women in Ottoman history, playing an active role in the empire's politics. Hurrem was the first imperial consort to receive the title of Haseki Sultan, breaking tradition. She influenced state affairs, advised the sultan, wrote diplomatic letters, and supported significant public works. Her professional life had a notable impact on the governance and cultural projects of the Ottoman Empire.

Anne Neville played a significant role in the Wars of the Roses through her strategic alliances. Betrothed to Prince Edward to strengthen ties with the Lancastrians, she later married Richard, Duke of Gloucester, becoming Queen of England in 1483. Her reign was marked by political unrest, and despite facing challenges, she was instrumental in forming crucial royal alliances and fulfilling her duties as Queen of England.

Rani Padmini, also known as Padmavati, was a queen of the Mewar kingdom in India during the 13th–14th century. She was renowned for her exceptional beauty and courage. Her story includes her marriage to Ratan Sen, the Rajput ruler of Chittor Fort, and her resilience in the face of challenges such as imprisonment and siege by Alauddin Khalji. Rani Padmini's valor and defense of honor are celebrated, as she made the ultimate sacrifice by choosing self-immolation to protect herself and her companions from Khalji's advances. Her life has inspired various literary and artistic works throughout history.

Queen Letizia of Spain started her career as a journalist and later became a news anchor. Upon marrying King Felipe VI, she shifted her focus to royal duties, representing the Crown in public engagements, charity work, and international cooperation. While she doesn't have constitutional duties, she is dedicated to various organizations and projects, demonstrating a strong commitment to serving her country and advocating for positive change worldwide.

Farah Pahlavi served as the Queen and Empress of Iran from 1959 to 1979. During her time as a royal, she established Iran's first American-style university, supported various charitable causes, and played a key role in repatriating Iranian antiquities. Despite minimal involvement in politics, she made significant contributions to promoting education and preserving cultural heritage. In 1979, amidst mounting unrest, she and the Shah of Iran departed the country, eventually settling in exile. Following the Shah's passing, Farah Pahlavi continued her philanthropic endeavors, splitting her time between Washington, D.C., and Paris.

Pandora, the first woman in Greek mythology, was created by Hephaestus on Zeus's orders and was gifted by each god with unique abilities. Also known as Anesidora, she is often depicted as "she who sends up gifts." The Pandora myth serves as a theodicy, explaining the presence of evil in the world. When Pandora opened a jar, famously known as "Pandora's box," all the evils of humanity were released. This story has had a significant impact on Jewish and Christian theology, maintaining her negative reputation through the Renaissance and inspiring diverse artistic interpretations.

Ariadne, a Cretan princess of Greek mythology, is famous for helping Theseus escape the Minotaur's labyrinth. Despite being abandoned on Naxos, she won the love of Dionysus and they were married. Ariadne is honored for her connection to mazes and labyrinths, with festivals held in Cyprus and Naxos in her name. Her mythological legacy includes the creation of the Corona Borealis constellation by Dionysus using her jeweled crown. Ariadne is known for her strategic thinking, courage, and lasting impact on ancient Greek stories.

Æthelflæd was a powerful ruler who led the Mercians in the English Midlands from 911 to 918. She played a crucial role in defending against Viking invasions, strengthening towns, expanding Alfred's network of fortifications, and capturing key cities like Derby and Leicester. Her military strategies and leadership were key in conquering the Danelaw. Chroniclers praised her as a formidable leader with lasting influence on early medieval history.

Catherine I of Russia was Empress consort to Peter the Great and later became Empress of Russia herself. Her reign from 1725 to 1727 saw her actively continuing and advancing Peter the Great's reforms and modernization in Russia. Catherine I prioritized bolstering the Russian military, expanding territories, and boosting economic growth. She also worked diligently to uphold stability and unity within the Russian Empire during her brief yet influential rule.

The Erinyes, also known as the Furies, are chthonic goddesses of vengeance in ancient Greek mythology. They are called upon to punish oath-breakers, particularly those who curse themselves. Their lineage differs in various myths but is said to originate from drops of blood shed during the castration of Uranus. Typically depicted as a trio, these goddesses embody perpetual anger, envy, and vengeful destruction. They are tasked with seeking retribution against wrongdoers and act as enforcers of justice in the divine realm.

Christina of Sweden served as Queen from 1632 to 1654 and later abdicated due to her conversion to Catholicism and refusal to marry. She was known for her intelligence and efforts to transform Stockholm into the "Athens of the North," even establishing a university. Rising to power at a young age, she promoted peace during the Torstenson War. However, her lavish spending caused financial difficulties, ultimately leading to her abdication. In Rome, she supported Baroque artists and musicians, playing a significant role in the Counter-Reformation movement.

Nur Jahan, also known as the 'Light of the World,' was the chief consort of Mughal emperor Jahangir. Renowned for her decisiveness and proactive nature, she wielded unprecedented power and influence, possibly even surpassing that of the emperor himself. Some historians believe she was the true power behind the throne for over a decade. Nur Jahan's exceptional authority was exemplified by unique honors and privileges bestowed upon her, including the striking of coinage in her name, a privilege not granted to any other Mughal empress.

Juliana of the Netherlands served as Queen from 1948 to 1980. Educated privately, she studied international law. During World War II, she evacuated to the UK and Canada. Juliana briefly assumed royal duties before becoming Queen in 1948. Her reign oversaw the independence of Dutch East Indies and Suriname. Despite controversies, she maintained popularity. Juliana abdicated in 1980 in favor of her daughter Beatrix. Upon her passing in 2004, she held the record for the world's longest-lived former reigning monarch.

Scylla is a legendary and fearsome monster from Greek mythology, recognized for her man-eating nature and residence in a narrow water channel across from the sea-swallowing monster Charybdis. Sailors navigating the treacherous waters face the constant threat of Scylla, forcing them to choose between navigating dangerously close to her or risking the perilous whirlpools of Charybdis. Scylla's transformation from a beautiful nymph into a monster adds complexity to her character, symbolizing unavoidable danger and life's harsh realities.

Wilhelmina of the Netherlands was the longest-reigning monarch in Dutch history, ruling from 1890 to 1948. She preserved Dutch neutrality during World War I and led the government-in-exile in World War II, symbolizing resistance against German occupation. Known for her resolve and leadership, she also became the world's first female billionaire in dollars through her business ventures. Wilhelmina retired in 1948 due to declining health and passed away in 1962, remaining a respected figure in Dutch history.

Anne of Austria served as Queen of France from 1615 to 1643. Following her husband's passing, she acted as regent for her son Louis XIV until 1651. Her regency saw the appointment of Cardinal Mazarin as chief minister and her adept handling of political obstacles like the Fronde revolt. Anne was esteemed for her court influence and her bond with her son. She withdrew from political life in 1661 and lived out her final years in a convent she had established, passing away in 1666.

Elizabeth de Burgh, as the queen consort of Robert the Bruce, played a prominent role in the political unrest between Scotland and England. However, her professional life is mostly unknown due to the limited documentation of medieval noblewomen. She encountered difficulties during the conflict, had to move for safety reasons, and was later captured as a prisoner. Elizabeth's contribution to the political sphere of that era is still unclear, underscoring the lack of historical information on medieval women.

Isabella II of Spain ruled as Queen from 1833 until her removal in 1868. Her reign marked a shift from absolute to constitutional monarchy, marked by the implementation of important laws. However, her time in power was marred by political scheming and military revolts. Following the Glorious Revolution in 1868, she was exiled and later abdicated in 1870. Isabella briefly returned to Spain but spent most of her later life in France.

Queen Sofía of Spain was the Queen of Spain from 1975 to 2014. Throughout her reign, she dedicated herself to numerous charitable and humanitarian causes, with a focus on education, health, and culture. She represented Spain in various international events, emphasizing diplomacy and collaboration between countries. Queen Sofía actively supported cultural exchange and the preservation of Spain's heritage. Even after her time as queen, she remains engaged in philanthropic activities and public endeavors.

Suthida Bajrasudhabimalalakshana started her career as a flight attendant and then moved into the Thai military. She eventually became the King's bodyguard, demonstrating her dedication and skills in service. Suthida's progression from a flight attendant to a senior military officer demonstrates her flexibility and loyalty to her country and the royal family. Her career path illustrates her capability to succeed in various positions and gain the trust and admiration of her peers.

In ancient Greek mythology, Lamia was a child-eating monster and night-haunting spirit or "daimon." Originally a beautiful queen of Libya, Lamia's affair with Zeus led to her children being taken from her by Zeus's wife Hera, driving her to insanity and vengeance. Transformed into a monstrous figure, Lamia preyed on children out of despair. As a lamiai, she seduced young men to satisfy her appetite, feeding on their flesh afterward. Lamia's serpentine qualities and role as a bogeyman in Greek folklore added layers to her haunting and malevolent persona.

Livia Drusilla was a Roman empress from 27 BC to AD 14. Known as Julia Augusta after her adoption into the Julian family, she became empress when her husband Octavian was granted the title Augustus in 27 BC. Livia served as an influential confidant of Augustus and was rumored to have played a role in the deaths of some of his relatives. After Augustus' death, Livia continued to exert political influence as the mother of Emperor Tiberius. She was later deified by Emperor Claudius in AD 42.

Agrippina the Younger, a Roman empress from the Julio-Claudian dynasty, was known for her political influence and ambition. She strategically manipulated Roman state affairs to ensure her son Nero's succession to the throne. Described as ruthless and domineering, her tactics allowed her to maintain control and power. However, she later fell out of favor with Nero and was killed. Agrippina's professional life was characterized by her strong political maneuvering and significant impact on the Roman Empire.

Nefertari, the Great Royal Wife of Ramesses the Great, was a highly educated and skilled queen in ancient Egypt. Known for her exceptional abilities in reading and writing hieroglyphs, she utilized these talents for diplomatic purposes, engaging in correspondence with other prominent royals of her time. Her professional life was marked by her significant contributions to the political landscape of Egypt, as well as her elaborate tomb in the Valley of the Queens and the temple constructed by Ramesses at Abu Simbel in her honor.

Ankhesenamun was a prominent queen during the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, known for her significant role as the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. She navigated the changing landscape of ancient Egyptian religion following her father's death. Speculation around her marital history includes a possible brief union with Tutankhamun's successor, Ay. Recent DNA testing on mummies from KV21 has fueled theories that Ankhesenamun may be one of the late 18th Dynasty queens buried in that tomb, further solidifying her legacy within the ruling house.

Aegis, a significant symbol from Greek mythology, is commonly shown as a protective device held by deities Athena and Zeus, representing power and authority. In professional contexts, the concept of Aegis serves as a shield of protection and guidance, ensuring that endeavors benefit from a wise and caring influence. The contemporary idea of working "under someone's aegis" denotes operating under the protection and supervision of a strong entity, tapping into the strength and wisdom linked to the mythical roots of the aegis.

Thetis, a significant figure in Greek mythology, is revered for her roles as a sea nymph, goddess of water, and one of the 50 Nereids. She is known as a deity in Archaic Greece and associated with the creation of the universe. Thetis is also recognized for her marriage to the Greek hero Peleus, which influenced the events of the Trojan War cycle and led to the birth of their son Achilles.

Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine was celebrated for her grace and compassion, as she devoted her life to serving the less fortunate in Russian society. Following her husband's tragic assassination in 1905, she demonstrated remarkable forgiveness by publicly pardoning his killer and advocating for his release. She then embraced a spiritual path, becoming a nun and establishing the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent in Moscow, which focused on aiding those in need. Despite facing persecution under the Bolshevik regime, she remained steadfast in her mission until her untimely death at their hands in 1918. Recognized for her holiness and sacrifice, she was later canonized by both the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and the Moscow Patriarchate.

Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, later known as the Duchess of Teck, was a notable member of the British royal family who actively supported numerous charitable organizations and causes. She was one of the first royals to engage in philanthropic work, dedicating herself to making a positive impact on society. Her close relationship with Queen Victoria further emphasized her influential role within the royal family.

Marie de' Medici was the Queen of France and Navarre as the second wife of King Henry IV. She served as regent of France from 1610 to 1617 during her son Louis XIII's minority. Despite her official term ending in 1614, she remained as regent until being overthrown in a coup in 1617. Marie was known for her political scheming, support for the arts, and favoritism. She was later exiled from France and died in Cologne, Holy Roman Empire.

Deborah was a prophetess in Judaism and the fourth Judge of pre-monarchic Israel, as well as the only female judge in the Hebrew Bible. Scholars discuss the significance of the term "woman of Lappidoth," which may suggest her marital status or passionate nature. She directed Barak, an Israelite general, to lead an assault against Jabin king of Canaan and Sisera. The Song of Deborah in Judges 5, from the twelfth century BCE, is among the earliest examples of Hebrew poetry, highlighting Deborah's leadership and guidance during times of conflict.

Henrietta Maria of France served as Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 to 1649. Despite facing challenges because of her Roman Catholic faith, she played an active role in national affairs as civil war loomed. After the execution of her husband, King Charles I, she sought sanctuary in France, later returning to England following the Restoration of Charles II. Her impact included naming the North American Province of Maryland, leaving a lasting mark in history.

Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg held the title of queen consort of Spain from 1906 to 1931. She actively represented the Spanish monarchy and participated in diplomatic endeavors throughout her tenure. Known for her support of charitable causes and promotion of cultural initiatives in Spain, Victoria Eugenie dedicated herself to her role with grace and dignity.

Margaret of Valois, also known as La Reine Margot, was a key figure in French history. She worked towards uniting Catholics and Huguenots, acting as a mediator between her husband and the French monarchy. Despite facing difficulties in her family and marriage, she showed strength and intelligence, making a significant impact on the court's cultural scene. Margot promoted platonic love and was a prolific writer, being the first woman to pen her memoirs. Her legacy was later clouded by myths and rumors, which modern historians have tried to clarify.

Anna of Russia served as regent of the duchy of Courland from 1711 until 1730 before becoming Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740. Her administration, heavily influenced by her uncle Peter the Great, involved lavish building projects in St. Petersburg and support for the Russian Academy of Science. She repealed a primogeniture law in 1730 to favor the nobility. Her reign was seen in the West as a continuation of Peter the Great's modernization efforts, but within Russia, it was often considered a "dark era."

Princess Maud of Wales became Queen of Norway upon marrying King Haakon VII. As Queen, she played a vital role in representing the royal family and engaging in public activities. Known for her grace and dedication, Maud contributed to charitable endeavors and cultural projects in Norway. Her compassionate presence added a touch of warmth to the Norwegian monarchy.

Emma of Normandy was a Norman noblewoman who became queen through her marriages to Æthelred the Unready and Cnut the Great. She served as Queen of England, Denmark, and Norway and played an active role in politics during the reigns of her sons, Harthacnut and Edward the Confessor. Emma acted as regent for Harthacnut and engaged in political rivalries, leaving a significant impact on early-11th-century English politics through her actions and influence.

Dido, a legendary queen and founder of Carthage, was known for her cleverness, leadership skills, and wise decision-making. Fleeing from tyranny in Tyre, she established Carthage in northwest Africa and became its first queen. Recognized as an enterprising woman, Dido brought prosperity to her city through her exceptional leadership. Her notable achievements and legacy are primarily documented in ancient Greek and Roman sources, particularly Virgil's Aeneid, which portrays her as a significant historical figure embodying strength and resilience.

Charybdis is a formidable sea monster from Greek mythology, known for posing a challenge to legendary figures such as Odysseus, Jason, and Aeneas. Located in the Strait of Messina, she symbolizes danger and the unpredictable aspects of the sea. In the phrase "between Scylla and Charybdis," she signifies one of two equally risky choices, compelling individuals to make tough decisions when confronted with peril. Charybdis represents navigating through perilous circumstances and the outcomes of selecting between two unfavorable options.

Artemisia I of Caria was a Greek queen and ruler of Halicarnassus, Kos, Nisyros, and Kalymnos in ancient Anatolia. She led the Lygdamid dynasty under the Achaemenid Empire and fought alongside Xerxes I in the second Persian invasion of Greece. Artemisia commanded the Persian fleet in the Battles of Artemisium and Salamis, earning praise from Herodotus for her courage and respect from Xerxes. Her professional life is well-documented through Herodotus' writings, highlighting her significant role in the Greco-Persian Wars.