Who was Alexander Grothendieck? Everything You Need to Know

Quick Facts

French Celebrities Born In March

Died At Age: 86

Family:

father: Alexander

mother: Johanna

Born Country: Germany

Mathematicians French Men

Died on: November 13, 2014

place of death: Saint-Girons, France

Notable Alumni: University Of Nancy, University Of Montpellier

Grouping of People: Jewish Mathematician

Ancestry: German French

City: Berlin, Germany

More Facts

education: University Of Nancy, University Of Montpellier

awards: Fields Medal (1966)
Crafoord Prize (1988)

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1

What were some of Alexander Grothendieck's major contributions to mathematics?

Alexander Grothendieck made significant contributions to algebraic geometry, category theory, and functional analysis. He revolutionized the field with his concepts of schemes, topos theory, and his work on the Weil conjectures.
2

How did Alexander Grothendieck's work impact the field of mathematics?

Grothendieck's work had a profound impact on mathematics, leading to advancements in algebraic geometry, topology, and number theory. His theories and techniques continue to influence researchers in these areas to this day.
3

What is the significance of the Grothendieck group in mathematics?

The Grothendieck group is a fundamental concept in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology. It provides a way to study and classify algebraic structures and plays a crucial role in understanding the behavior of algebraic objects under various operations.
4

What is the legacy of Alexander Grothendieck in the mathematical community?

Alexander Grothendieck left a lasting legacy in mathematics through his groundbreaking research, innovative methodologies, and profound insights. His work continues to shape the way mathematicians think about complex mathematical problems and structures.

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French Mathematicians

Childhood & Early Life

Alexander Grothendieck was born on 28 March 1928 in Berlin, Germany to anarchist parents. His mother’s name was Johanna "Hanka" Grothendieck and she was married to the journalist Johannes Raddatz at the time of Alexander’s birth. However, Alexander’s biological father was Alexander "Sascha" Schapiro (also known as Alexander Tanaroff). His mother’s marriage to Johannes Raddatz ended in 1929.

He lived with his parents till 1933 when his father moved to Paris to evade Nazism. His mother too followed suit, leaving behind her little son in the care of Wilhelm Heydorn, a Lutheran pastor and teacher.

Alexander went to France during the World War II in 1939 and lived with his mother in various camps for displaced people. They spent the later years of the war in the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, sheltered and hidden in local boarding houses. His father was killed in the Auschwitz concentration camp in 1942.

He attended the Collège Cévenol (now known as the Le Collège-Lycée Cévenol International), a secondary school founded in 1938 by local Protestant pacifists and anti-war activists. It was at this school that he discovered his love for mathematics.

After the war he studied mathematics at the University of Montpellier. Working on his own he rediscovered the Lebesgue measure, and conducted several independent studies over the next three years.

In 1950 he moved to the University of Nancy where he wrote his dissertation under Laurent Schwartz and Jean Dieudonné in functional analysis and received his doctorate in 1953. By this time he had become a leading expert in the theory of topological vector spaces.

From 1957 onwards, he shifted the focus of his studies to algebraic geometry and homological algebra.

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Career

Alexander Grothendieck spent several years travelling and teaching in Brazil and America before returning to France in 1956. He accepted an appointment as a professor in the newly-established Institut des hautes études scientifiques (IHÉS) in Bures-sur-Yvette in 1959.

In his years with the IHES, he completely revolutionized the theory of algebraic geometry. He received much acclaim for his work and had brilliant students like Michel Demazure, Michel Raynaud, Jean-Louis Verdier, Jean Giraud, and Pierre Deligne.

He worked for more than a decade at the IHES during the course of which he established several unifying themes in algebraic geometry, number theory, topology, category theory and complex analysis. He also provided an algebraic definition of fundamental groups of schemes.

Assisted by Jean Dieudonné, he published ‘The Éléments de géométrie algébrique’ ("Elements of Algebraic Geometry"), a treatise on algebraic geometry, published in eight parts from 1960 to 1967. In the volumes he established systematic foundations of algebraic geometry, building upon the concept of schemes.

As someone who had suffered greatly because of the war, he was a pacifist at heart. He had radical political views and was strongly opposed to both United States intervention in Vietnam and Soviet military expansionism. In 1970 he realized that the IHES was partly funded by the military and resigned from his job and retired from scientific life.

He teamed up with two other mathematicians, Claude Chevalley and Pierre Samuel, to create a political group called Survivre—the name later changed to Survivre et vivre, in 1970. The group was dedicated to antimilitary and ecological issues, and also developed strong criticism of the indiscriminate use of science and technology.

He returned to the academia as a professor at the University of Montpellier. However, he became increasingly estranged from the mathematical community and formally retired in 1988.

Major Works

The most influential works of Alexander Grothendieck were in the field of algebraic geometry. His article, ‘Sur quelques points d'algèbre homologique’, also known as "Tôhoku paper" is considered to be one of his most important works. In this paper, he introduced abelian categories and applied their theory to show that sheaf cohomology can be defined as certain derived functors in this context.

Awards & Achievements

In 1966, he received the Fields Medal which is often described as the "Nobel Prize of Mathematics". His citation read "Built on work of Weil and Zariski and effected fundamental advances in algebraic geometry. He introduced the idea of K-theory (the Grothendieck groups and rings). Revolutionized homological algebra in his celebrated "Tohoku paper"”.

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He was awarded the Crafoord Prize in 1988 which he declined to accept, much to the astonishment of the mathematical fraternity.

Personal Life & Legacy

Alexander Grothendieck was once married to a woman called Mireille Dufour and had three children with her.

He also had a son with his landlady during his time in Nancy and one child with a woman named Justine Skalba, with whom he lived in a commune in the early 1970s.

He became increasingly reclusive during the later years of his life. In 1991, Grothendieck moved to a new address which he shared with only a few of his contacts.

He died in the hospital of Saint-Girons, Ariège, on 13 November 2014, aged 86. At the time of his death, it was revealed that he had been living alone.

Facts About Alexander Grothendieck

Alexander Grothendieck was known for his unconventional approach to mathematics, often working in seclusion and preferring to avoid the spotlight.

Grothendieck was a talented linguist, fluent in several languages including French, German, and Russian, which allowed him to collaborate with mathematicians from around the world.

He had a deep interest in philosophy and spirituality, incorporating these ideas into his mathematical work and writings.

Grothendieck was passionate about social justice and environmental issues, leading him to take a stand on various political and ethical matters throughout his life.

Alexander Grothendieck Biography

You wanted to know

What were some of Alexander Grothendieck's major contributions to mathematics?

How did Alexander Grothendieck's work impact the field of mathematics?

What is the significance of the Grothendieck group in mathematics?

What is the legacy of Alexander Grothendieck in the mathematical community?