Anne Neville Biography

Anne was born on June 11, 1456, at Warwick Castle as the youngest of three daughters of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and Anne de Beauchamp. Her grandfather’s sister, Cecily Neville, was the wife of Richard, Duke of York, whose sons later ascended the English throne as Edward IV and Richard III.

She spent most of her childhood and adolescence at Middleham Castle in Yorkshire with her elder sister Isabel. The young Richard of Gloucester, the younger brother of King Edward IV, stayed at Middleham for his knighthood training. This is where Anne met her future husband, Richard, but there is no record of their interactions (though the Earl may have intended for a matrimonial arrangement to be finalized at a later date).

When the Earl’s plan to get Edward married to a French princess and become a major claimant to the French throne also failed (Edward married Elizabeth Woodville from a comparatively minor family in the nobility),the Earl changed his alliance to help the House of Lancaster. ( Some historians have also hypothesized that the Earl helped Edward with expectation that his daughters will get married to Edward and Richard but most official records point to the French connection )

Margaret of Anjou needed to get her troops, son and daughter-in-law to be moved from France to England ,when the Lancastrians reached England they suffered a crushing defeat against the Yorkists . At the Battle of Barnet held on April 14, 1471, the Yorkists were victorious and Anne’s father and uncle were killed. The Yorkists again won in the Battle of Tewkesbury in May, 1471, over Margaret of Anjou’s forces led by Anne’s husband Edward, who was killed in the battle.( it is possible that Edward was killed by Ann’s future husband Richard III)

Later, the Yorkists got Henry VI executed and Edward VI became the undisputed king of England with support of the Parliament. He imprisoned Anne (now a widow). Anne’s request for restoration of her inheritance was rejected .Anne’s brother-in-law George of Clarence took custody of Anne (probably some sort of house arrest or living as a commoner in London) and her mother (separately under house arrest ).

George of Clarence vehemently protested the marriage of his brother Richard of Gloucester with Annie probably to retain control of the entire property of House of Neville / Warwick. Anne somehow managed to escape from George of Clarence’s control and took a refuge in a Church in London with the help of Richard of Gloucester. The House of Neville properties was divided between the two sisters with mediation of the king Edward IV though as part of the pre-nuptial agreement major portion of the property went to the elder sister.

Anne married Richard, Duke of Gloucester in 1472. (Edward IV was against the marriage between Richard and Anne but was not in a state to prevent it altogether).They were blessed with a son named Edward in 1473, and in 1476, they had another son who however did not survive. They moved to Castle of Middleham where Anne used to live during her childhood.

By virtue of this marriage she became the Duchess of Gloucester. She saw her sister Isabel withdraw from the royal court out of fear of Queen Elizabeth (Woodville ). Soon Isabel died ( in 1476 ) either by disease or due to poisoning ( as accused by George of Clarence ) and soon George rose in rebellion against the king . George was executed in 1478, on grounds of treason against his brother King Edward IV while Anne assumed custody of the surviving children of Isabel. On Isabel’s death Anne also inherited the title of Ladyship of Glamorgan being the only surviving child of the Earl of Warwick.

When Edward IV died in 1483, his minor son Edward V automatically became the king. However he was never crowned and was put under protection of his uncle Richard of Gloucester.

Before Edward V could be crowned, Richard claimed that his brother’s marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was invalid and thus his brother’s children illegitimate on June 25, 1483. The claim being supported by the Parliament, Richard inherited the crown himself. Edward V and his brother vanished from public view (allegedly killed by Richard) and Anne arrived at London for her crowning as the Queen of England and declaration of her son as Prince of Wales.

For the first time in 175 years, the queen was crowned alongside her king giving her the acknowledgement that the king regarded her as his true partner. However she ruled only for two years because of her ill health. She was also disheartened by the death of her only son Edward on April 9, 1484. (Though it is commonly believed that Edward died due to illness, some historians have pointed out the possibility of Edward being killed by Margaret Beaufort to clear the way for her son Henry VII to get the throne after the death of Richard III. Incidentally Margaret bore Anne’s train during her coronation as Queen of England).

Anne’s health condition was never very good and in early 1485, she fell severely ill and passed away on March 16, 1485. She was buried in Westminster Abbey though her grave was marked centuries later in 1960.

Regarding Anne’s death it was rumored that Richard had poisoned Anne to get her out of his path as he was planning to marry his niece Elizabeth of York but nothing could be proved.

However, Richard III’s plan failed as he was defeated and killed by Henry Tudor in August, 1485. Henry later married Elizabeth of York and was crowned Henry VII thus bringing some sort of reconciliation between the Houses of Lancaster and York and an end to the Wars of the Roses.