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Crazy Horse Biography

(Military Leader, Folk Hero)

Born In: Rapid City, South Dakota

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Crazy Horse was one of the most celebrated Native American warriors to have ever lived. In the mid-19th century, he led his tribe ‘Oglala Lakota’ to victory against several attacks by the US federal government. Thus, he earned a highly respectable status among the local tribes and also among his enemies. He participated in several historically significant American Indian wars, mostly on the northern plains of America, such as the ‘Fetterman Massacre’ in a bid to preserve the ‘Lakota’ way of life that was threatened by the immigrants. Although much of his early life has not been documented, he is a part of oral history. It is said that he started leading his army in wars well before he turned 20. He surrendered in 1877, when he was in his mid-30s. His death was highly controversial and its true cause is debated to date. Crazy Horse was never photographed and there is not a single credible photograph of his. In 1982, he was honored by the American government, which featured him on the ‘Great Americans’ series postage stamp.

Born In: Rapid City, South Dakota

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Quick Facts

Also Known As: Cha-O-Ha ('In the Wilderness' or 'Among the Trees')

Family:

Spouse/Ex-: Black Shawl (m. 1871)

Native Americans Soldiers

Died on: September 5, 1877

U.S. State: South Dakota

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You wanted to know

  • 1

    What is Crazy Horse known for?

    Crazy Horse is known for being a prominent Native American war leader of the Oglala Lakota tribe.
  • 2

    What was Crazy Horse's role in the Battle of Little Bighorn?

    Crazy Horse played a significant role in the Battle of Little Bighorn, where he led his forces alongside Sitting Bull in the defeat of the U.S. Army led by General Custer.
  • 3

    What were Crazy Horse's motivations for resisting the U.S. government?

    Crazy Horse resisted the U.S. government due to his commitment to preserving Lakota lands, culture, and way of life against encroachment and assimilation efforts.
  • 4

    How did Crazy Horse die?

    Crazy Horse was fatally wounded by a U.S. soldier during a scuffle at Fort Robinson in 1877, leading to his death shortly after.
  • 5

    What is the significance of Crazy Horse in Native American history?

    Crazy Horse is revered as a legendary figure in Native American history for his leadership, courage, and unwavering dedication to defending his people and their land against colonization.

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Childhood & Early Life
Crazy Horse was born “Cha-O-Ha,” meaning “In the Wilderness,” near South Dakota. Although there is no actual record of his date or year of birth, it is almost certain that he was born between 1840 and 1845. His parents were from sub-tribes of the ‘Lakota’ tribe, who were part of the ‘Sioux’ confederacy. His father too was also known as “Crazy Horse” back in his youth. His mother had named him “Curly” or “Light Hair,” owing to his light, curly hair.
His father was an esteemed medicine man in the tribe and was respected by all tribe members. Crazy Horse was born to be a warrior and despite his shorter-than-average frame and lighter-than-usual skin, he was hailed as a future warrior by the elders in the tribe. These slightly unusual physical traits somehow made him a little distant from the other tribe members of his age.
The ‘Lakota’ was one of the most popular divisions of the ‘Sioux’ confederacy and owned a great mass of land, which stretched from Missouri River to the Bighorn Mountains. They did not interact with the white people much and led a very private and contented life, but when conflicts became inevitable, they had no option but to fight for their lands.
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The Beginning of Conflicts
The ‘Lakota’ people mostly led a peaceful life. The unrest began in the 1850s, as that was the time when the white settlers came to their land, looking for gold. The whites started settling down. Conflicts began when military forces were brought to the plains. The whites brought their own lifestyle along with them, hampering the ‘Lakota’ way of life. The whites even brought diseases with them.
The year 1854 marked the beginning of a tragic and brutal warfare. A white migrant’s cow was killed by a native in an accident, which made a little white force, led by Lieutenant John Grattan, enter the ‘Sioux’ camps. The whites took some men prisoners.
This was not accepted by the self-respecting chief of the tribe, known as Conquering Bear, and violence ensued. Somehow, the tribe chief was killed by one of Grattan’s soldiers, and this enraged the warriors of the tribe. In a revenge attack, they killed Grattan and all his 30 men. This event is known as the infamous ‘Grattan Massacre.’
The ‘Grattan Massacre’ triggered an all-out war between the ‘Lakota’ tribe and US federal government. Crazy Horse was still young at that time, but the incident was enough for him to know that the whites were bad people and needed to be wiped out.
All-Out Battle
By the early 1860s, Crazy Horse had become a powerful young man and had become one of the key allies of his tribe’s chief, Sitting Bull. They fought together in several battles. Soon, Crazy Horse was leading his own forces against the whites.
In one of his most successful victories, he led a small army and attacked William J. Fetterman’s troop, which consisted of 80 men. Thus, the ‘Fetterman Massacre’ became an embarrassing incident for the American establishment. The difference between the modern weapons that the whites were equipped with and the old-school fighting skills of the natives proved to be negligible as the natives scored multiple victories over the whites.
The government was taken aback by the bravery of the natives and had to come to a compromise. As a result, the ‘Fort Laramie Treaty’ was signed in 1868. The treaty guaranteed that the ‘Lakota’ people would retain all their rights on their most important lands, which also included the highly significant Black Hills territory. However, this was not enough for Crazy Horse. He knew that the integrity of his tribe was in danger and he hated the whites wholeheartedly. This was enough to continue his fight against white supremacy.
Crazy was always uncompromising on the battlefield and his tribesmen regarded him as a mystical being, owing to his ability to remain unharmed during the most brutal of attacks on him. He never allowed himself to be photographed and neither did he ever sign any document. All he wanted was to preserve his heritage and all his land for his people.
Although the natives tried to initiate a peace agreement, there was very little chance of that happening. The government had discovered ample mines of gold, and they backed white explorers. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse refused to enter into any agreement that could have harmed their heritage, even a little bit, and they continued with their war efforts.
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In June 1876, Crazy led a force of 1200 ‘Cheyenne’ and ‘Oglala’ warriors to fight General George Crook, who wanted to destroy Sitting Bull’s encampment near the Little Bighorn River. After a brutal fight, the whites were pushed back and the natives reclaimed their land. This was the greatest victory of the natives over the white Americans.
Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse charged together on Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and his cavalry, which was one of the most talked about and respected cavalries among the white forces. The natives decimated the whites and secured a great strategic and moral victory.
The Downfall
The US Army gathered all its forces and attacked the ‘Lakota’ people after Custer’s defeat, and this was not a good sign. The natives were severely outnumbered and Sitting Bull decided to dodge the fight and instead, led his tribesmen across the border to Canada. However, Crazy Horse refused to run away and gathered the remaining of his fighters to tackle the US army.
It was a long and tiring fight and Crazy Horse’s men were falling short of food supplies. They were tired of fighting without any victory in sight. As a result, they started abandoning him, and once he knew it was all over, Crazy Horse decided to surrender. He went to Fort Robinson in Nebraska and turned himself in. However, his wife fell sick around that time. Crazy Horse wanted to be with her, but he was not allowed to leave the prison.
Following a struggle with the officers, he suffered a kidney injury and died on September 5, 1877. His father was by his side at the time of his death.
Legacy
Crazy Horse is a massively respected and honored man. There is a ‘Crazy Horse Memorial’ in South Dakota, and there have been several films based on his life and valor, such as the 1955 film ‘Chief Crazy Horse.’
In 1982, the American government issued postage stamps in his name, under the ‘Great Americans’ series.
Facts About Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse was known for his exceptional horsemanship and agility in battle, often riding without a saddle and performing daring feats on horseback.
He was a skilled tracker and could navigate through the wilderness with remarkable precision, earning him the reputation as one of the greatest scouts of his time.
Crazy Horse had a deep spiritual connection to nature and the land, and he was known to seek guidance from the spirits through vision quests and ceremonies.
Despite his fearsome reputation in battle, Crazy Horse was said to be a quiet and reserved individual among his own people, known for his humility and wisdom.

Crazy Horse was a visionary leader who advocated for the preservation of Lakota culture and way of life in the face of increasing pressure from encroaching settlers and the U.S.

See the events in life of Crazy Horse in Chronological Order

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Also Listed In

19th Century | 19th Century Soldiers