Who was Dorothy Hodgkin? Everything You Need to Know

Quick Facts

British Celebrities Born In May

Also Known As: Dorothy Mary Crowfoot, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

Died At Age: 84

Family:

Spouse/Ex-: Thomas Hodgkin

father: John Winter Crowfoot

mother: Grace Mary Crowfoot

siblings: Diana Crowfoot Rowley, Elisabeth Crowfoot, Joan Crowfoot Payne

children: Elizabeth Hodgkin, Luke Hodgkin, Toby Hodgkin

Born Country: England

Chemists Biologists

Died on: July 29, 1994

place of death: Ilmington, Warwickshire, England

More Facts

education: University of Cambridge, Somerville College, Oxford

awards: 1964 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1976 - Copley Medal
1956 - Royal Medal
1982 - Lomonosov Gold Medal

Recommended For You

1

What is Dorothy Hodgkin famous for?

Dorothy Hodgkin is famous for her work in the field of X-ray crystallography, particularly for her groundbreaking research on the structure of important biochemical substances.
2

How did Dorothy Hodgkin contribute to the field of science?

Dorothy Hodgkin's contributions to science include determining the three-dimensional structures of important molecules such as penicillin, vitamin B12, and insulin using X-ray crystallography.
3

What impact did Dorothy Hodgkin's work have on medicine?

Dorothy Hodgkin's work had a significant impact on medicine by providing crucial insights into the structures of important molecules, which has helped in the development of new drugs and treatments for various diseases.
4

What challenges did Dorothy Hodgkin face in her career?

Dorothy Hodgkin faced challenges such as limited access to research facilities and funding, as well as the difficulties of working with complex molecules in the early days of X-ray crystallography.
5

How did Dorothy Hodgkin inspire future generations of scientists?

Dorothy Hodgkin inspired future generations of scientists through her dedication to research, groundbreaking discoveries, and commitment to promoting women in science, serving as a role model for aspiring researchers.

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Childhood & Early Life

Dorothy Hodgkin was born as Dorothy Mary Crowfoot on 12 May 1910, in Cairo, Egypt to renowned archeologists, John Winter Crowfoot and Grace Mary Crowfoot née Hood. She was the eldest of her parents’ four daughters.

Initially, Dorothy lived with her parents in Egypt. In 1914, while on a yearly visit to her grandparents, the family was caught up in the First World War. Subsequently, her parents returned to Egypt, leaving four year old Dorothy and her two younger sisters with her grandparents at Worthing, West Sussex.

Since that time, she lived apart from her parents. After the war, Grace Crowfoot came back to England for one year. By that time, her youngest daughter was born. She shifted the family first to Nettleham, Lincolnshire and then to Beccles in Suffolk.

At Beccles, Dorothy was first admitted to the Parents’ National Educational Union School. In 1921, she was shifted to Sir John Leman School, where she studied till 1927. In this school, girls were not allowed to attend chemistry classes. However, Dorothy gave a tough fight and was ultimately allowed an entry.

In 1927, Dorothy earned her school leaving certificate with distinction in six subjects. Subsequently, she spent one year studying botany and Latin.

In 1928, she entered Somerville College, Oxford with chemistry and physics. For a brief period, she also studied archeology.

During her college days, she also attended special classes on crystallography and in the fourth year, she did her research project on X-ray crystallography. In 1932, after graduating with a first class honors degree in chemistry from Oxford, Dorothy Hodgkin entered the University of Cambridge for her doctoral work.

Here she worked under John Desmond Bernal on steroids, which became the subject of her thesis. She also conducted experiment on pepsin. In 1933, she was awarded a two-year research fellowship by Somerville College, of which, she spent the first year in Cambridge and the second year in Oxford.

On returning to Oxford in 1934, Hodgkin continued the research on the sterols and on other biologically interesting molecules like insulin. Once the Fellowship ended, she received assistance from Rockefeller and Nuffield Foundations and continued her work; finally receiving her PhD in 1937.

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Career

Meanwhile in 1936, a year before she received her PhD, Dorothy Hodgkin was appointed as an Official Fellow and a Tutor in Natural Science at the Somerville College in Oxford. She remained with the University till her retirement in 1977.

*Initially, she worked in the Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography. Later when department was divided Hodgkin continued her work in the sub-department of Chemical Crystallography. However, because she was a woman, she was officially barred from attending research meetings of the faculty chemistry club.

In the initial period, the laboratory condition was also very primitive. It was housed in one corner of Oxford University Museum of Natural History. It had only one window, which was accessed through a rickety staircase. Neither did she have any student to work under her.

Slowly, she began to collect money and with that she bought X-ray apparatus for her laboratory. Once that was done, she began to take X-ray photographs of insulin, a study she began in 1934.

However, taking photos was the easier part of the job. To study them, she had to climb the rickety stairs and reach the window, which was the only source of light. By and by, her perseverance and talent won over the students; then the faculty members too began to notice her.

Since the days of her doctoral studies, Hodgkin had also been working with cholesteryls. As the Second World War set in and John Desmond Bernal laboratory was evacuated to Oxford, she began to work with Bernal’s student C. H. Carlisle on cholesteryl iodide. By 1945 they were able to elucidate their structure.

Also in 1945, she applied for a new readership in chemical crystallography. Although she was denied the post, in 1946, she was made a University lecturer and demonstrator. However, her status as a leading crystallographer was recognized in the following year when she became a member of the Royal Society.

In 1948, Hodgkin began her research on the structure of Vitamin B-12. After years of research work she and her team were able to publish the final paper in 1955.

In 1956, she became the University Reader in X-ray Crystallography and in 1960, the Wolfson Research Professor of the Royal Society. During this time, she began regretting that she did not pursue her research on the structure of insulin and started working on it now.

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In 1956, she obtained crystals of pig insulin containing either two or four zinc atoms and started working with them. After years of painstaking research she was finally able to resolve its structure in 1969.

In the following years, she collaborated with other laboratories, which were doing research on insulin. In addition to that she also devoted lot of her time trying to create awareness about its function.

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British Scientists

British Biologists

British Biochemists

Major Works

Dorothy Hodgkin is best known for her determination of the biochemical structure of penicillin G, vitamin B-12 and insulin. Among them, she took up her research in penicillin sometime in 1942.

Awards & Achievements

In 1956, she received the Royal Medal from the Royal Society "in recognition of her distinguished work in the elucidation of structures of penicillin, vitamin B12 and other important compounds by the methods of X-ray crystallography."

In 1964, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances".

In 1965, she was made a member of the Order of Merit.

In 1976, she was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society "in recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin".

In 1982, she received the Lomonosov Gold Medal from the Russian Academy of Science “for outstanding achievements in biochemistry and crystal chemistry”.

Personal Life & Legacy

In 1937, Dorothy Hodgkin married Thomas Lionel Hodgkin, who later became a well-known Oxford lecturer. He also authored number of books on African history and politics. The couple had three children: Luke (born 1938), Elizabeth (born 1941) and Toby (born 1946).

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Her scientific mentor, Professor John Desmond Bernal, also had great influence on her life. Although she always referred to him as ‘Sage’, there was a rumor that they were lovers.

From the age of 24, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin suffered from rheumatoid arthritis, which became progressively worse and crippled her hands and feet. Eventually she became wheelchair bound; yet remained scientifically active.

She died on July 29 1994 after a stroke at her home in Warwickshire, England.

She was one of five 'Women of Achievement' selected for a set of British stamps issued in August 1996.

In 2010, the Royal Society celebrated its 350th anniversary with the publication of 10 stamps honoring its most illustrious members; Dorothy Hodgkin was second of them.

Facts About Dorothy Hodgkin

Dorothy Hodgkin was known for her love of climbing mountains, and she often incorporated her passion for mountaineering into her scientific work by drawing parallels between the challenges of climbing and the challenges of solving complex crystal structures.

Hodgkin was a skilled knitter and found solace in this hobby during times of intense scientific research. She even once knitted a model of a complex molecular structure to help visualize and understand its intricacies.

Despite her groundbreaking work in chemistry and crystallography, Hodgkin was also an accomplished pianist and enjoyed playing classical music in her spare time.

Hodgkin had a deep appreciation for nature and the environment, and she advocated for the preservation of natural habitats throughout her life.

Hodgkin was known for her sense of humor and wit, often using clever wordplay and puns in her scientific presentations and writings to engage and entertain her audience.

Dorothy Hodgkin Biography

You wanted to know

What is Dorothy Hodgkin famous for?

How did Dorothy Hodgkin contribute to the field of science?

What impact did Dorothy Hodgkin's work have on medicine?

What challenges did Dorothy Hodgkin face in her career?

How did Dorothy Hodgkin inspire future generations of scientists?