Who was Geronimo? Everything You Need to Know

Quick Facts

Died At Age: 79

Family:

Spouse/Ex-: Alope, Azul, Chee-hash-kish, Ih-tedda, Nana-tha-thtith, She-gha, Shtsha-she, Ta-ayz-slath, Zi-yeh

father: Taklishim

mother: Juana

siblings: Naretena

children: Chappo, Dohn-say, Eva Geronimo, Fenton Geronimo, Jeronimo Jr., Lena Geronimo, Robert Geronimo

Born Country: United States

Military Leaders American Men

Died on: February 17, 1909

place of death: Fort Sill, Oklahoma, United States

U.S. State: New Mexico

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1

What is the significance of Geronimo in history?

Geronimo was a prominent leader and warrior of the Chiricahua Apache tribe who fiercely resisted Mexican and United States expansion into Apache tribal lands in the 19th century.
2

Where did Geronimo surrender?

Geronimo surrendered to the U.S. government on September 4, 1886, at Skeleton Canyon in present-day Arizona, effectively ending his resistance against American forces.
3

Why is Geronimo remembered as a symbol of Native American resistance?

Geronimo's refusal to surrender and his ability to evade capture for many years made him a symbol of Native American resistance against colonization and oppression by the United States government.
4

What were some of the tactics employed by Geronimo during battles?

Geronimo was known for his guerrilla warfare tactics, including ambushes, raids, and swift hit-and-run attacks, which allowed him to outmaneuver much larger and better-equipped U.S. military forces.
5

How did Geronimo spend his later years after surrendering?

After surrendering, Geronimo was held as a prisoner of war by the U.S. government and later became a celebrity, appearing at various events and expositions, including the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis.

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Childhood & Early Life

Geronimo was born on June 16, 1829, near Turkey Creek, presently part of New Mexico. He belonged to the Bedonkohe band of the Apache tribes. Not much is known about his father. His grandfather, Mahko, was once the chief of his tribe. He grew up in a huge family, with three brothers and four sisters.

He trained to be an efficient hunter, and his parents left no stone unturned in abiding by the Apache traditions of raising a child. Before he reached his teenage years, his father died. He was then sent to live with the Tchihende tribe, according to Apache customs. The Tchihende were known as one of the deadliest Apache groups.

At the age of 17, Geronimo got married to a young girl named Alope. She was from the Nedni-Chiricahua band of the Apache tribes. She was the first of his nine wives. The couple had three children. However, tragedy struck the family soon. Geronimo had to go through the pain of losing his wife, his mother, and children to Mexican attacks. This sowed the seeds of hatred in his heart.

In the mid-19th century, the Apache lifestyle, which involved raiding and looting, was not setting well with the Mexican government. As a result, several Apache tribes were attacked by the Mexican military. In 1858, while Geronimo was out on a trading mission, the Mexicans attacked the Bedonkohe camp and killed several Apache families. Among the dead were Geronimo’s wife, children, and mother. This enraged Geronimo, and his fight began.

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Rise as the Leader

Devastated by the murder of his entire family, Geronimo headed toward the wilderness to grieve in silence. Before that, he burned all the belongings of his family, according to Apache traditions. He was not a very well-known man amongst the Apache tribes back then. However, he returned with the claim that a divine voice had ordered him to seek revenge and guaranteed that he would remain unscathed by enemy bullets.

Geronimo was now considered to be a messianic figure among his tribes, and he easily managed to gather two hundred strong men to extract his revenge. The Mexican soldiers who had committed the atrocity belonged to the Sonora encampment. Geronimo’s attack wiped out the entire military strength that was responsible for his tragedies.

Although the American forces, too, were involved in the on-and-off war with the Apache tribes, Geronimo’s hatred of the Mexicans was far greater, and this led him to attack the Mexican troops several times. He later wrote in his biography that he had killed many Mexicans and that he did not think they were worthy of living. He carried his hatred of the Mexican forces till the very end of his life.

The Apache tribes and the Mexicans continued to fight for many years following that. In 1873, the Mexican forces once again launched an attack on the Apache tribes, who were tired of frequent wars by then. The fights continued for months in the mountains at Chihuahua, Mexico. Following a long battle, both the parties decided to enter into a peace treaty.

The Mexicans threw a party and served alcohol to the Apache men, and when they got intoxicated, they were slaughtered. Following this betrayal, the Apache forces were once again forced to take shelter in the mountains. Geronimo continued to fight against Mexico in the Sonora and the Chihuahua regions. Tired of fighting the Mexican and American troops, the Apache warriors decided to give up and were shipped to the ‘San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation.’

Geronimo was not the one to give up the struggle, but after his army strength weakened in 1877, he was finally captured. He was then sent to San Carlos as a prisoner.

Later Years of Struggle

For a few years following that, Geronimo tried to live the life of a slave as directed by the Mexicans. He tried his hand at farming, but his strong hatred of Mexicans refused to die down. Moreover, he did not like living as a slave. He fled the reservation in 1878 and went to the mountains. There, he built up his forces yet again. He attacked the Mexican troops several times in the next few months.

By then, he had become a respected leader among the Americans, too. He was apprehended in 1882, but he staged yet another escape. He also asked several of his allies from the reservations to join his forces in the war. It is said that when his words failed, he even recruited his troops at gunpoint.

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He was captured yet again and was brought to Arizona. He staged yet another escape in 1884. He was caught soon, but he was not the one to rest there. Within a year, he escaped the reservation once again.

The Americans and the Mexicans joined hands to search for Geronimo and his 40 followers. By then, all the other Indian commanders had surrendered to either the American or the Mexican forces. After running away for five months from about eight thousand military personnel comprising of American and Mexican forces, Geronimo’s men finally decided to surrender.

On September 4, 1886, Geronimo finally stopped running. By then, he was in his 60s and had become a legend who was featured on the front pages of American newspapers.

Life Post War

As the conflict ended, Geronimo and the rest of the Chiricahuas were sent to the army camps in Florida to do manual labor. He was later transferred to Oklahoma and Alabama to do manual work. The fact that he was old did not help much. He requested to be sent to the reservation camps. However, his appeal was denied, as he was considered a prisoner of war for life.

Later, he resorted to farming. Owing to his celebrity status, many American tourists visited him. He made some extra money by giving autographs and selling other personal items to tourists.

Personal Life & Death

After the death of his first wife, Geronimo married eight more times. His eight wives were Ta-ayz-slath, Chee-hash-kish, Nana-tha-thtith, Zi-yeh, She-gha, Shtsha-she, Ih-tedda, and Azul. Geronimo had seven children from eight wives. Three children from his first wife were murdered by the Mexican troops.

In February 1909, Geronimo was thrown from his horse while riding. Too old to save himself, Geronimo lay on the ground an entire night and caught pneumonia. He died on February 17, 1909, at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. He was buried at a cemetery near his house.

Several films, TV series, books, and plays have used Geronimo as one of their central characters. His legend lives on, and he remains a key part of the modern history of America.

Facts About Geronimo

Geronimo was known for his exceptional horsemanship skills, often performing daring stunts on horseback that amazed onlookers.

Despite being a fierce warrior, Geronimo was also known for his deep spiritual connection to nature and the land, often seeking guidance from the natural world.

Geronimo had a talent for storytelling and would captivate his listeners with tales of his people's history and traditions.

Geronimo was a skilled craftsman, known for his intricate beadwork and craftsmanship in creating items such as clothing and weapons.

Geronimo had a love for music and would often play traditional Apache instruments, bringing joy and entertainment to his community.

Geronimo Biography

You wanted to know

What is the significance of Geronimo in history?

Where did Geronimo surrender?

Why is Geronimo remembered as a symbol of Native American resistance?

What were some of the tactics employed by Geronimo during battles?

How did Geronimo spend his later years after surrendering?