Who was Herbert Marcuse? Everything You Need to Know

Quick Facts

German Celebrities Born In July

Died At Age: 81

Family:

Spouse/Ex-: Erica Sherover (m. 1976), Inge Neumann (m. 1955–1972), Sophie Wertheim (m. 1924–1951)

father: Carl Marcuse

mother: Gertrud Kreslawsky

children: Peter Marcuse

Born Country: Germany

Philosophers Sociologists

Died on: July 29, 1979

place of death: Starnberg, Germany

Cause of Death: Stroke

Notable Alumni: Humboldt University, University Of Freiburg

Ancestry: German American

City: Berlin, Germany

More Facts

education: University Of Freiburg, Humboldt University

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1

What are Herbert Marcuse's main contributions to critical theory?

Herbert Marcuse is known for his contributions to critical theory, particularly his analysis of the relationship between capitalism, technology, and individual freedom. He argued that in advanced industrial societies, like the United States, individuals are subjected to a form of social control that limits their ability to think critically and engage in true freedom.
2

How did Herbert Marcuse influence the student protest movements of the 1960s?

Marcuse's ideas on the role of technology, consumerism, and the potential for liberation in a repressive society resonated with many young people during the 1960s. His work inspired a generation of students to challenge the status quo and demand social and political change, leading to significant protests and activism during that period.
3

What is Herbert Marcuse's concept of "repressive tolerance?"

Herbert Marcuse's concept of "repressive tolerance" refers to the idea that in a society where certain voices are systematically silenced or oppressed, the principle of tolerance can actually serve to maintain the status quo and perpetuate injustice. He argued for a form of critical, liberating tolerance that actively challenges oppressive structures.
4

How did Herbert Marcuse critique the concept of "one-dimensional man?"

Marcuse's concept of the "one-dimensional man" refers to a state of society where individuals are integrated into the existing system to such an extent that they lose the ability to imagine alternatives or resist domination. He critiqued this condition as a form of social control that stifles dissent and limits human potential for genuine liberation.
5

How did Herbert Marcuse's ideas on aesthetics and culture influence critical theory?

Herbert Marcuse's analysis of aesthetics and culture focused on the potential for art and cultural production to challenge dominant ideologies and offer alternative visions of society. His work explored the role of culture in both reinforcing and subverting power structures, highlighting the importance of critical engagement with artistic expression.

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Childhood & Early Life

Herbert Marcuse was born in Berlin, on July 19, 1898, to Carl Marcuse and Gertrud Kreslawsky. His parents were German Jewish.

In 1916, he joined the German army but instead of fighting in World War I, he worked in horse stables in Berlin.

Marcuse then joined a ‘Soldiers' Council’ and took part in the socialist Spartacist uprising. In 1922, he completed his PhD in German literature at the ‘University of Freiburg.’ His thesis was on the German Künstlerroman.

He then worked as a bookseller in Berlin. In 1928, he went to Freiburg to study with Edmund Husserl.

During this time, he wrote a habilitation with Martin Heidegger, which was published as ‘Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity’ in 1932. It laid stress on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's ideas.

His academic ambitions came to a halt due to the rise of the Third Reich in 1933. Soon, he joined the ‘Institute for Social Research,’ better known as the ‘Frankfurt School.’

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Emigration to the United States

In 1934, he accompanied the ‘Institute for Social Research’ to ‘Columbia University’ in the United States.

In 1940, he acquired the citizenship of the United States. He did not go back to Germany to live, but continued to remain one of the major theorists of the Frankfurt School, along with Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer.

Soon, he published ‘Reason and Revolution’ (1940), a thorough study of Karl Marx and G. W. F. Hegel.

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World War II

During World War II, Marcuse joined the US ‘Office of War Information’ (OWI) whose prime agenda was to work on anti-Nazi projects. In 1943, he joined the ‘Research and Analysis Branch’ of the ‘Office of Strategic Services’ (OSS), which was the origin of the present ‘Central Intelligence Agency’ (CIA). It was founded by William J. Donovan.

Under the directorship of ‘Harvard’ historian William L. Langer, the branch was the largest American research institute in early 20th century.

In March that year, Marcuse joined Frankfurt School luminary Franz Neumann at R & A's ‘Central European Section.’ There, he worked as a senior analyst.

After the War

In 1945, the ‘OSS’ was dissolved. Following this, Marcuse joined the ‘US Department of State,’ as the chief of the ‘Central European’ section. He worked there till 1951.

Marcuse stepped into his teaching career in 1952, working as a political theorist at ‘Columbia University’ and then ‘Harvard University.’ From 1958 to 1965, Marcuse worked at ‘Brandeis University.’ He then joined the ‘University of California San Diego’ and worked there till his retirement.

While working at ‘Brandeis University,’ he wrote ‘One-Dimensional Man’ (1964), which remains to be his most famous work. The book was his criticism of the advanced industrial society, especially the one he had seen in the United States. He wrote that Americans consumed products only because they were available.

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He also criticized a similar situation in the Soviet Union. He believed these societies focused on the production of irrelevant goods and their consumption. His ‘Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis’ (1958) showcased the Soviet Union as a country worse than the United States but with a better potential than the States to overcome its issues.

Soon, Marcuse refused to believe in the theory of class struggle or side with the labor-centric Marxists, instead focusing on the realization of man's erotic nature as the genuine liberation of humanity.

Earlier, in 1955, Marcuse's ‘Eros and Civilization,’ one of his most prominent works, had offered a Neo-Freudian view of man. The book claimed that tolerance toward sexuality and eroticism would create a better life. This book made Marcuse one of the most significant philosophers of the "sexual revolution."

Revolution and the New Left

Marcuse joined the ‘University of California’ in San Diego in 1965. The same year, he released his essay ‘Repressive Tolerance,’ which stated that the United States was repressive.

During this time, he also collaborated on ‘A Critique of Pure Tolerance’ (1965). It was a time of turmoil and student uprisings, which eventually led to the French students’ revolt in May 1968. This led Marcuse to openly speak for the revolts.

In July 1968, he disappeared from California after receiving a threat from the ‘Ku Klux Klan.’ In October 1968, his opposers launched a campaign to remove him from his teaching post. His open views on sex was criticized by Pope Paul in 1969.

His ‘An Essay on Liberation’ (1969) was written prior to the French students’ revolt. Marcuse supported the revolts as an avenue of fighting the industrial society. In 1970, his ‘Five Lectures: Psychoanalysis, Politics, and Utopia’ was published.

In 1972, his work ‘Counterrevolution and Revolt’ was released. The same year, ‘Studies in Critical Philosophy’ was published. It was a study of authority. In 1978, he wrote ‘The Aesthetic Dimension: Toward a Critique of Marxist Aesthetics,’ focusing on Marx.

Some of his other works were the article ‘Remarks on a Redefinition of Culture’ in ‘Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences’ (1965), ‘Negations: Essays in Critical Theory’ (1968), ‘Art and Revolution’ in ‘Partisan Review’ (1972), ‘Marxism and Feminism’ in ‘Women's Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal’ (1974), ‘The Obsolescence of the Freudian Concept of Man’ (1989), and ‘Philosophy and Critical Theory’ in ‘Critical Theory and Society: A Reader’ (1989).

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He also spoke about how nature and man were inseparable, in ‘Ecology and the Critique of Modern Society.’

Owing to his direct support of rebellions against the establishment, Marcuse came to be known as the "Father of the New Left." He, however, believed the students would have risen against the industrial society anyway and did not wait for his work to form an uprising.

His work influenced many scholars of popular culture studies. He spoke at events in the US and the Western Bloc in the 1960s and the 1970s. He was a friend of French philosopher André Gorz.

Marcuse was also acquainted with political sociologist Barrington Moore Jr., political philosopher Robert Paul Wolff, and ‘Columbia University’ professor of sociology C. Wright Mills. Mills was also considered one of the founding fathers of the “New Left” rebellion.

Countless radical scholars such as Norman O. Brown, Abbie Hoffman, Angela Davis, Charles J. Moore, Robert M. Young, and Rudi Dutschke were inspired by him. However, many such as Marxist-humanist Raya Dunayevskaya, Paul Mattick, and Noam Chomsky criticized his works.

Family, Personal Life, & Death

In 1924, Marcuse got married to mathematician Sophie Wertheim. They had a son, Peter, in 1928.

After Sophie’s death in 1951, Marcuse got married to Inge Neumann in 1955. Inge was the widow of his friend Franz Neumann, who had died in 1954.

After Inge’s death in 1973, Marcuse got married for the third time, to Erica Sherover in 1976. Erica was a former graduate student and was 40 years younger than him.

Marcuse breathed his last on July 29, 1979, at 81, following a stroke while on a visit to Starnberg, Germany. His ashes were unearthed in the United States in 2003 and then interred in the ‘Dorotheenstädtischer Cemetery’ in Berlin.

Peter Marcuse later became a professor of urban planning at ‘Columbia University.’ Irene Marcuse, Marcuse’s granddaughter, is a novelist. Harold Marcuse, his grandson, works as a professor of history at the ‘University of California, Santa Barbara.’

Facts About Herbert Marcuse

Herbert Marcuse was known for his unconventional lifestyle, often challenging societal norms and expectations in his personal life.

Marcuse had a deep appreciation for nature and often found inspiration in the natural world, incorporating themes of ecology into his philosophical work.

Despite being a prominent intellectual figure, Marcuse was known for his humility and willingness to engage in open dialogue with those who held differing viewpoints.

Marcuse had a playful sense of humor and enjoyed incorporating wit and satire into his writings, adding a unique and engaging dimension to his work.

Marcuse was a passionate advocate for social justice and believed in the power of collective action to bring about positive change in society.

Herbert Marcuse Biography

You wanted to know

What are Herbert Marcuse's main contributions to critical theory?

How did Herbert Marcuse influence the student protest movements of the 1960s?

What is Herbert Marcuse's concept of "repressive tolerance?"

How did Herbert Marcuse critique the concept of "one-dimensional man?"

How did Herbert Marcuse's ideas on aesthetics and culture influence critical theory?