Who was Junípero Serra? Everything You Need to Know

Quick Facts

Spanish Celebrities Born In November

Also Known As: Junípero Serra y Ferrer, Miquel Josep Serra i Ferrer

Died At Age: 70

Saints Priests

Died on: August 28, 1784

place of death: Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, United States

Cause of Death: Tuberculosis

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1

Where did Junípero Serra establish his first mission?

Junípero Serra established his first mission in San Diego, California.
2

What was Junípero Serra known for?

Junípero Serra was known for being a Spanish Franciscan friar who founded a series of missions in California.
3

What impact did Junípero Serra have on California history?

Junípero Serra played a significant role in the Spanish colonization of California and the establishment of missions that influenced the state's history.
4

What controversies surround Junípero Serra?

Junípero Serra's legacy is controversial due to the treatment of Native Americans in the missions he founded and the impact of colonization on indigenous populations.
5

How many missions did Junípero Serra establish in California?

Junípero Serra established a total of 9 missions in California, from San Diego to San Francisco.

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Childhood & Early Life

Junípero Serra was born on November 24, 1713 in Petra, a small village in the Mediterranean island of Majorca, in Spain. According to the church records, he was baptized as Miquel Joseph Serra on the same day of his birth.

His parents, Antonio Nadal Serra and Margarita Rosa Ferrer, were small farmers. Apart from Miquel, they had two more elder children, who died in infancy. There is also the record of another child named Juana Maria. Their native tongue was Catalan. Later Miquel picked up Castilian Spanish; it became his second language.

By the age of seven, Miquel began to help his parents in their fields, where they grew wheat and beats. He also tended the cattle. However, his interest in religion was evident from an early age. He often visited the local Franciscan friary.

Later, he began to attend the school at the friary, where he was taught reading, writing, mathematics and Latin. There he also learnt to sing liturgical song and was especially good in Gregorian chants. As he had good voice, he was often asked to join the choirs.

At the age of fifteen, he went to Palma de Majorca, the capital city of the island. There he was enrolled at a school run by the Franciscan order. Finally on November 14, 1730, Serra became a novice under the Alcantarine branch of the Friars Minor.

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As Novice

At the Friars Minor, Miquel was given the religious name of Junipero and put under a rigorous training program. Besides, he was required to make a vow of celibacy and also of scorning property and comfort. Letters and visits by parents were not encouraged.

At the academy, Junipero’s days were spent in prayers, meditation, spiritual reading and choir singing. Besides, they also received instruction on various subjects and had to undertake different physical core. He spent his spare time reading about Franciscan friars and their travel around the world.

As a Friar in Majorca

The training lasted for seven long years and finally, Junipero was ordained as Catholic priest sometime in 1738. In 1740, he received his ecclesiastical license to teach and started teaching philosophy at the Convento de San Francisco. In 1742, he received doctorate in theology from the Lullian College

From 1743, he began to teach at the Lullian College and occupied the Duns Scotus Chair of Philosophy until 1749. However, he did not totally abandon his parents and often visited them. Before he finally set sail for the New World, he wrote a letter to his college requesting them to console his parents as he was their only son.

In the New World

In 1749, Serra left for the New World along with a team of friars and landed at Vercruz on the Gulf of Mexico on December 7, 1749. From there, he and another fellow missionary set out for Mexico City, located at a distance of 250 miles, on foot. The rest of the team went by horses.

Although they too were offered horses Junípero Serra preferred to walk because Saint Francis of Assisi had forbidden the use of horses unless one is infirm. They did not have any money either and relied only on God. The trek was tough and long.

He reached Mexican City on January 1, 1750. By that time his legs were swollen and bleeding. The affliction stayed with him for the rest of his life and caused problems off and on.

At Mexican City, he joined his fellow friars at College of San Fernando de Mexico. There he voluntarily spent a year as novice and used this time to learn about the native Indians and gathered experience in mission administration.

At Sierra Gorda

In 1751, Junípero Serra was sent to Sierra Gorda mission at Jalpan as the Mission Superior. His student, Francisco Palóu, accompanied him as his assistant. Here they found the mission in disarray.

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The majority of the inhabitants of that area were Pame Indians. Although many of them had converted to Christianity, they hardly attended the church. Serra first set out to learn their language. By and by, he began to involve the parishioners in different church activities and at the same time tried to improve their economic condition.

He had livestock and agricultural tools brought from Mexican City. While the men began to work in the fields under his supervision, he taught the women how to spin. The farm produces were distributed among the Indians according to their needs. The surplus was sold in the market, again under the supervision of the friars.

Within two years, Serra was able to turn away the Indians from their beliefs and customs. They even presented him with a statue of goddess Cachum which was earlier enshrined in a temple and worshipped. This he took back to Mexican city as a relic.

On the flip side, he did not allow converted Indians to leave, but had them pursued by the Spanish soldiers, who had come here to secure the region for Spain. By and by, he began to have trouble with these soldiers too.

The soldiers had come here with their families and very soon, they not only began to claim land, but also decided to build a township, to which the Pame Indians objected. The mission sided with the Pames.

In retaliation, the settlers began to bully the Indians work in their field. Moreover, they purposely let their cattle graze in the farmlands owned by the mission. The problem was ultimately solved by interference of the Viceroy. However, it was not until 1755, that they could reclaim their land.

Back in New Mexico

In September 1758, Junípero Serra left Sierra Gorda and went back to College of St Fernando in New Mexico. There he worked for eight years in different capacities.

From 1758 to 1761, he was made the counselor and confessor of the college. Then from 1761 to 1764, he acted as the master of the novice and choir director. After that he was sent to preach in other missions in the area as home missionary.

At Baja California

In 1767, at the order of the Spanish crown, Jesuits were evicted from their missions set up in different parts of New Spain (Mexico). Franciscans stepped in their place. Serra was sent to Baja California as head of fifteen ex Jesuits missions located there. .

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In March 1768. Serra and his companions left by sea for Baja California and reached Loreto two weeks later. There they stayed at the Loreto mission, set up by the Jesuits in 1697. In the beginning, the administrative control of the missions was with the army. Later in August, they received their full control.

After getting the control, Serra allotted different missions to his fellow friars while he himself stayed at Loreto mission. In Baja California, he started converting Indians to Christianity and also tried to improve their financial condition by introducing agriculture.

Facts About Junípero Serra

Junípero Serra was known for his dedication to spreading Christianity and building missions throughout California, establishing a lasting legacy in the region.

Despite facing many challenges and hardships, Serra remained committed to his mission work, showcasing a strong sense of perseverance and resilience.

Serra was a skilled horticulturist and is credited with introducing new agricultural techniques and crops to the missions, contributing to the development of California's agriculture industry.

Serra had a deep appreciation for the natural beauty of California and often spent time exploring the local flora and fauna, displaying a passion for the environment.

Serra had a reputation for his kindness and compassion towards the native people he encountered, striving to understand and respect their culture and traditions.

At San Diego

In the same year, the Spanish authority decided that a team of Franciscan friars would be sent to Upper California. The idea was to convert the Indian population and at the same time, secure Spanish interest there. Although he was then 55 years old and his feet were in bad condition Junípero Serra volunteered enthusiastically.

As arranged, an advance party left without him. On March 28, 1769, Serra left for San Diego, accompanied by two servants. Because of his bad feet he was forced to travel on mule. On May 13, he reached San Velicata. There he founded Misión San Fernando Rey de España de Velicatá on May 14 in mud church.

He arrived at San Diego on July 1, 1769 after 900 miles of difficult trek. At the same time, another group landed there by sea. Both the groups had a difficult journey. Yet, on July 16, 1769, he established his second mission, Mission San Diego de Alcalá.

Initially, he had to face many problems. Food was scare and the Indians were hostile. The army, sent for his protection, also wanted to leave. Yet, Junípero Serra did not budge. Slowly, the things started changing for better. Indians too became friendly and many converted to Christianity.

Junípero Serra spent his next 15 years in, what is now called California, converting Indians and building up missions. From 1770 to 1782, he established missions at San Carlos, San Antonio, San Gabriel, San Luis Obispo, San Francisco, San Juan Capistrano, Santa Clara, San Buenaventura and Santa Barbara.

At San Carlos

Serra left San Diego on April 14, 1770, reaching San Carlos on June 3, 1770. He then shifted his headquarters to Mission Santa Clara de Asís and lived there till his death.

Death

Junípero Serra died at Mission Santa Clara de Asís on August 28, 1784, at the age of 70. He is buried in the floor of the sanctuary of the church.

Veneration

Junípero Serra was beatified by Pope John Paul II on September 25, 1988. Finally, he was canonized by Pope Francis on September 23, 2015.

Today, Serra is considered Patron Saint of California and of the Hispanic Americans. His feat day is celebrated on 1st July.

Junípero Serra Biography

You wanted to know

Where did Junípero Serra establish his first mission?

What was Junípero Serra known for?

What impact did Junípero Serra have on California history?

What controversies surround Junípero Serra?

How many missions did Junípero Serra establish in California?