Olivier Messiaen’s Childhood And Early Life
Olivier Eugene Prosper Charles Messiaen was born on 10 December 1908, in Avignon, in France, in a very literary family. He was the elder of two children of Cecile Sauvage, who was a poet and Pierre Messiaen, who was an English teacher who had translated the plays of William Shakespeare into French. Messiaen’s mother composed a sequence of poems such as ‘The Budding Soul’ and ‘As the Earth Turns’, in which the last chapter addresses her unborn son. Messiaen later said that these sequences of poems had a profound influence on him, which he regarded as predictive of his future career.
After the World War I broke out, Messiaen’s father was sent to the war. So, Cecile took Olivier and his brother to stay with her brother in Grenoble. There, Messiaen was attracted to drama and often recited the compositions of Shakespeare to his brother with the help of a homemade toy theatre with transparent backdrops made out of cellophane wrappers. During this period, he also adopted the Roman Catholic faith. Later in life, Messiaen felt more at home in the Alps of Dauphine, so, he built a house in the south of Grenoble and composed most of his music there.
As a child, he took lessons in piano. His subjects of interest included the music of French composers like Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel. During this time, he also started to compose on his own. In 1918, after his father returned from the war, his family moved to Nantes. He continued taking music lessons and one of his tutors, Jehan de Gibon, gave him a score of Debussy’s opera ‘Pelléas et Mélisande’. Messiaen regarded it as a ‘thunderbolt’ and credited it for having a great influence on him. In the next year, his father, Pierre Messiaen got a teaching post in Paris and Messiaen joined the Paris Conservatoire in 1919, at the age of 11.
In the Conservatoire, Messiaen’s academic progress was amazing. In 1924, at the age of 15, he was awarded the second prize in harmony. Two years later, he received his first prize in counterpoint and fugue and in 1927, got the first prize in piano accompaniment. The following year, he was also awarded the first prize in the history of music after studying with Maurice Emmanuel. The association with Emmanuel kindled in him an interest in ancient Greek rhythms and exotic modes. He also won the first prize in playing organ and improvisation in 1929. After a year studying composition with Charles Marie Widor, he took lessons from Paul Dukas, who kindled an interest in orchestration and made him a master of that art. In 1930, Messiaen won the first prize in composition.
As a student, Messiaen composed his first published works—eight preludes for piano, which showed his use of modes of limited transposition and palindromic rhythms or non-retrogradable rhythms, as he liked to describe it. In 1931, he had his public debut with his orchestral suite, ‘Les Offrandes Oubliees’. It was in that year that he heard the gamelan group, a musical ensemble from Indonesia, for the first time, which interested him so much as to use tuned percussion.
Career
In 1927, Messiaen joined Marcel Dupré’s organ course. From 1929, Messiaen regularly went as a deputation for the organist Charles Quef, who was ill at that time, at the Église de la Sainte-Trinité, Paris. In 1931, when Quef passed away, Messiaen’s candidacy was supported by the rest of the people in the troupe. So, in that year, he was made a permanent organist in Église de la Sainte-Trinité, where he remained for more than six decades.
In 1936, along with Andre Jolivet, Daniel Lesur and Yves Baudrier, Messiaen formed a group called the ‘La Jeune France’ (Young France). Their policy was to attack the frivolity which was predominant in contemporary Parisian music.
When World War II started, Messiaen was inducted into the French Army but he was enlisted as a medical auxiliary rather than an active combatant, due to his poor eye sight. In 1940, he was captured and taken as a prisoner to Gorlitz and was imprisoned at Stalag VIII-A. Among his fellow prisoners, there was a violinist, a cellist and a clarinetist. He composed a trio for them and later incorporated this work into his ‘Quatuor pour la fin du temps’ (Quartet for the End of Time). In January 1941, the quartet was performed to an audience of prisoners and prison guards, with the composer playing the poorly maintained piano in bitter freezing conditions. Thus, an otherwise enforced concentration camp life gave birth to an acknowledged masterpiece of the 20th century European classical music. The phrase ‘end of time’ in the work refers to apocalypse and also to the way he made use of time in a completely different manner from his contemporaries and predecessors.
After his release in May 1941, Messiaen was appointed as a professor in harmony at the Paris Conservatoire where he worked until his retirement in 1978. He compiled his ‘Technique de mon langage musical’ (‘Technique of my musical language’) in 1944, in which he included many examples from his music. Even though he was only in his mid thirties, he was an outstanding teacher to his students, who encouraged his pupils to find their own voice. He never imposed his own views and ideas on his students.
In 1943, he composed the ‘Visions de l’Amen’ (Visions of the Amen) and also wrote the ‘Trois petites liturgies de la présence divine’ (‘Three small liturgies of the Divine Presence’). He also wrote ‘Trois petites liturgies de la présence divine’ for female chorus and orchestra, which included a difficult solo piano part. In this way, Messiaen continued to bring liturgical subjects to the piano recital and concert hall.
Messiaen took an analysis class at the Paris Conservatoire, and in 1947, he taught in Budapest and at Tanglewood in 1949. In 1949 and 1950 he taught in the new music summer school classes at Darmstadt. In 1952, Messiaen was asked to give a test piece for flautists who wished to enter the Paris Conservatoire and penned the piece ‘Le merle noir’ for flute and piano. He was already fascinated by nature and birdsong, having included such themes in his works as in the case of ‘La Nativité,’ ‘Quatuor’ and ‘Vingt regards’. This flute piece was based entirely on the song of the blackbird.
In 1971, he was asked to compose a work for the Paris Opera. Though reluctant, he was later persuaded to undertake the project in 1975 and started working on ‘Saint-Francois d’Assise’. It was an intensive composition, which kept him engaged from 1975-1979. He preferred to describe the work as a ‘spectacle’ rather than an opera. It was first performed in 1983. There were some people who thought that the opera would be his farewell, however he continued to compose. In 1984, he published a major collection of organ pieces such as ‘Livre du Saint Sacrement’ and other works including birdsong pieces for solo piano and works for piano with orchestra.
In 1978, Messiaen retired from teaching from the Conservatoire. He was honored with the highest rank of the Légion d'honneur, the Grand-Croix, in 1987. Due to a surgery, he could not attend the celebration of his 70th birthday in 1978 but ten years later the composer attended the celebration of his 80th birthday, which included performances in London's Royal Festival Hall of St. François and Erato's publication of a seventeen-CD collection of Messiaen's music including recordings by Loriod and a disc in which the composer engages in a conversation with Claude Samuel.
Even when in pain, due to excessive surgeries, he fulfilled a commission from the New York Philharmonic Orchestra in the last phase of his life. The work was premièred six months after his death.
Personal Life
In 1932, he married the violinist and composer Claire Delbos. ‘Mi’ was the affectionate name in which hecalled his wife. The marriage inspired him to compose works specifically for her to play. In 1937, their first son Pascal was born. But the happiness was short lived as Delbos lost her memory after an operation and spent the rest of her life in a mental asylum. In 1959, his first wife passed away due to prolonged illness and he married the pianist Yvonne Loriod two years later. After his second marriage, he started travelling widely, attending musical events and seeking out and transcribing songs of exotic birds. Loriod assisted her husband in his studies of birdsong while travelling along with him. He died in Clichy-la-Garenne in France in 1992.
Contributions
Oliver Messiaen composed numerous works on which his fame lives even today. Some of his works are ‘Forgotten Offertories’ (1931), the ‘Birth of the Lord’ (1938), ‘Quartet for the End of Time’ (1941), ‘Apparition of the Eternal Church’ (1932), ‘Twenty Looks upon the Infant Jesus’ (1944), ‘The Awakening of the Birds’ (1953), ‘Exotic Birds’ (1956), ‘Catalog of Birds’ (1959) and ‘Technique of My Musical Language’ (1944).
Awards And Accolades
- Nominated as an Officer of the Légion d'honneur, 1959
- Member of the Institut de France, 1967
- Calouste Gulbenkian Prize, 1969
- Erasmus Award, 1971
- Ernest von Siemens Award, 1975
- Associate Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Literature and Art of Belgium, 1975
- Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society, 1975
- The White Cliffs in Utah was renamed Mount Messiaen, 1978
- Presentation of the Croix de Commander of the Belgian Order of the Crown, 1980
- Wolf Foundation of the Arts Prize (Jerusalem), 1983
- Inamori Foundation Prize, 1985
- Awarded the highest rank, Grand-Croix, of the Légion d'honneur, 1985
- Primio Internazionale Paolo VI 1988 and 1989
