Who was Sergei Prokofiev? Everything You Need to Know

Quick Facts

Died At Age: 61

Family:

Spouse/Ex-: Lina Prokofiev (m. 1923–1941), Mira Mendelson (m. 1948–1953)

father: Sergei Alekseevich Prokofiev

mother: Maria Grigoryevna Zhitkova

children: Oleg Prokofiev, Sviatoslav Prokofiev

Pianists Composers

Died on: March 5, 1953

place of death: Moscow

More Facts

education: St Petersburg Conservatory

awards: Six Stalin Prizes
Lenin Prize

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1

What are some famous works composed by Sergei Prokofiev?

Some of the most famous works by Sergei Prokofiev include "Romeo and Juliet," "Peter and the Wolf," "War Sonatas," "Lieutenant Kije Suite," and "Alexander Nevsky."
2

What was Sergei Prokofiev's musical style known for?

Sergei Prokofiev's musical style was known for its modern and innovative approach, combining elements of neoclassicism, dissonance, and strong rhythmic patterns.
3

How did Sergei Prokofiev contribute to the development of Soviet music?

Sergei Prokofiev contributed to the development of Soviet music by incorporating traditional Russian melodies and themes into his compositions while also experimenting with new harmonies and structures.
4

What was the significance of Sergei Prokofiev's ballet "Romeo and Juliet?"

Sergei Prokofiev's ballet "Romeo and Juliet" is significant for its innovative use of music to convey emotion and storytelling, as well as its lasting impact on the ballet repertoire worldwide.
5

How did Sergei Prokofiev balance his artistic freedom with political pressures in the Soviet Union?

Sergei Prokofiev navigated the political pressures of the Soviet Union by adapting his musical style to meet official expectations while still maintaining his artistic integrity through subtle expressions of individuality within his compositions.

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Childhood & Early Years

Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev was born on 23 April 1891 in Sontsovka, then a remote rural estate under Russian Empire. It is now part of Donetsk Oblast in eastern Ukraine and is known by the name Krasne.

His father, Sergei Alexeyevich Prokofiev, an agronomist, was a soil engineer at Sontsovka at the time of his birth. His mother Maria/Grigoryevna (née Zhitkova) Prokofieva, was an accomplished pianist. The daughter of a former serf, she was tutored in theatre and art by her master’s family from an early age.

Sergeyevich was his parents’ only surviving child, having two elder sisters who died in infancy. Watching his interest in music, he mother gave him his first lesson in piano as he turned three.

As Sergeyevich turned five, he composed his first piece. Meant for piano, it was called ‘Indian Gallop’. The composition was written by his mother in the F Lydian mode. Subsequently, he wrote a few more pieces.

In 1899, his parents took him to Moscow, where he for the first time heard an opera. Intrigued, he began to write one. Very soon a libretto in three acts and six scenes was ready. Later with the help of his mother, he transcribed the music.

In 1902, Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev was taken to meet Sergei Taneyev, the Director of the Moscow Conservatory. Impressed by his musical talent, Taneyev persuaded composer and pianist Reinhold Glière to give him private lessons during the summers of 1902 and 1903.

It was during this period that Prokofiev first tried his hand at symphony. Slowly, he also started experimenting with harmonies, leading to the creation of a number of short piano pieces. He called them "ditties", and these later laid the foundation of his musical style.

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At St. Petersburg Conservatory

Although it was evident that Sergei Prokofiev was a musical genius his parents were hesitant about pushing him into a career in music at such an early stage. Contrarily, they were keener on taking him to Moscow, where he could attend a good school. Later however, they decided on St. Petersburg.

In 1904, mother and son traveled to Petersburg, where they met composer Alexander Glazunov, also a professor at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. Impressed by the boy’s talent, he urged his mother to allow him to enter the Conservatory.

Prokofiev studied at Petersburg Conservatory from 1904 to 1914. Much younger than his batch mates, he often annoyed them by keeping a list of their mistakes, but impressed his teachers with his innovative skills.

In 1908, while he was still a student at the Conservatory, Prokofiev made his first public appearance at the St Petersburg Evenings of Contemporary Music. In the following year, he graduated from his class in composition, but remained attached to the Conservatory till 1914, improving his techniques in piano conducting.

In 1910, as his father died, it fell upon him to earn his upkeep. He had by then made a name for himself outside the Conservatory and therefore, he was able to sustain himself. His mother too helped him financially.

His situation improved in 1911, when he was introduced to the music publisher Boris P. Jurgenson who offered him a contract. In the same year, he visited Moscow and appeared in the symphony concerts, where he made his presence felt.

Prokofiev had his first major work, ‘Piano Concerto No. 1 in D-flat major’, performed at Moscow on 25 July 1912. It was very well received and he performed it once again on 7 August 1912. In the following year, he visited Paris and London. This was his first foreign trip.

Returning home, he decided to appear for, what was known as the ‘Battle of the Pianos’, at the St. Petersburg Conservatory with his own composition. As the rule required that the piece be published, he got hold of a publisher, who agreed to publish twenty copies of ‘Piano Concerto No. 1 in D-flat major’.

The competition was held on 8 May 1914 and the jury was headed by Alexander Glazunov. The performance went on so well, that Prokofiev was awarded the Anton Rubinstein Prize, though a little reluctantly. With this his association with the St. Petersburg Conservatory came to an end.

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During WWI & Russian Revolution

In 1914, soon after winning the Anton Rubinstein Prize, Sergei Prokofiev set out for England. Here he met Sergei Diaghilev, who commissioned him to write his first ballet, ‘Ala and Lolli’. Subsequently, as the World War I broke out, he returned to Russia, but continued to work on it.

Exempted from joining the war as the only son of a widow, he spent the time perfecting his techniques in organ, concurrently composing a number of pieces. Meanwhile in 1915, he completed ‘Ala and Lolli’; but when he submitted the work, Diaghilev rejected it because it lacked Russian character.

Diaghilev then helped Prokofiev to choose the topic from a collection of Alexander Afanasyev’s folktales. The result was ‘Chout (The Fool)’. However, it needed to be revised several times before it met Diaghilev’s approval. Meanwhile between November 1915 and April 1916 he wrote ‘The Gambler’, an opera in four acts.

In January 1917, he completed the orchestration of ‘The Gambler’, but with the onset of the February Revolution, it could not be premiered. Therefore, he concentrated on completing ‘Symphony No. 1 in D major ‘, a work he had started the previous year. It was premiered on April 21, 1918 in Petrograd.

Although he continued to work, completing his work on ‘Violin Concerto No. 1 in D major, Op. 19’, Prokofiev soon realized music had no future in Russia at that moment. Therefore, he decided to visit the USA.

Living Abroad

In May 1918, Sergei Prokofiev travelled to the USA with official permission, reaching San Francisco on 11 August 1918. Initially he was met with great success and was offered a contract for the production of his new opera ‘The Love for Three Oranges’ from Cleofonte Campanini of Chicago Opera Association.

Although he completed his work in time, the premiered was delayed due to Campanini’s death in 1919. Due to excessive attention to the opera, he had neglected to develop his solo career, leading to financial constraints. Therefore, in April 1920, he left USA for Paris.

In Paris, he reestablished contact with Sergei Diaghilev and his ‘Chout’ was finally approved by the elder musician. Premiered in Paris on 17 May 1921, it earned great admiration. Later on 30 December, his ‘The Love for Three Oranges’ was premièred in Chicago under his baton.

Prokofiev remained in Paris, producing a number of operas and symphonies. Gradually, he started growing a following in his homeland and therefore in 1927, went on a two-month tour of Soviet Union.

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In 1928, Prokofiev started working on ‘The Prodigal Son’. It would be his last ballet for Diaghilev. It was premiered in Paris on 21 May 1929 and earned great appreciation from audience and critics alike.

In October 1929, he had an automobile accident, in which his left hand was injured. Shortly after this, he went on his second tour to Moscow. Although he could not perform, he enjoyed watching his team playing from his seat in the audience.

Returning Home

By the early 1930s, Sergei Prokofiev had started building bridges with the Soviet authorities. From 1932, he was Russia’s musical ambassador to the west, shuffling between Paris and Moscow. His works during this period were increasingly premiered under the patronage of the Soviet government.

In 1936, he finally settled down in Moscow. This was also the year, when he composed his most famous work, ‘Peter and the Wolf’, a symphonic fairy tale for children.

Although he was now forced to adapt to a new situation, he continued creating masterpieces. Among them were ‘Three Children’s Songs’, ‘Cantata for the 20th Anniversary of the October Revolution’, ‘Semyon Kotko’, the two ‘War Sonata’, and ‘Romeo Juliet.’

As Germany attacked Russia in June 1941, Prokofiev, along with other artists were evacuated to Caucasus. With the slackening of all restrictions, Prokofiev was at last free to create his own kind of music.

'War and Peace', based on Leo Tolstoy’s novel was a major work of this period; other popular works being ’The Violin Sonata No. 1’, ‘The Year 1941’, ‘Ballade for the Boy Who Remained Unknown’, ‘Cinderella, and ‘Fifth Symphony.’ Soon, he reached the peak of his career.

By the beginning of 1945, his popularity had reached such heights that he began to be considered one of the best composers of the Soviet Union. Although over-worked, Prokofiev continued to work, writing ‘Sixth Symphony’ and Ninth Piano Sonata’ in 1947.

Last Years

In February 1948, the Soviet authorities denounced Prokofiev’s works under Zhdanov doctrine for ‘formalism’ and banned the performance of eight of his major works. Fearing persecution, musicians stopped performing his other works as well.

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To appease the authorities, he wrote, ‘The Story of a Real Man’. It was premiered on 3 December 1948 and was mostly watched by the officials of the cultural department, who gave it a poor review. The ballad was banned from public performance until 1960.

Although disappointed and under heavy financial debt, he continued to work. His health too began to decline very fast. Yet in 1950-51, he wrote and revised ‘Symphony-Concerto in E minor’ His last works includes ‘Stone Flower’ (1950), ‘On Guard for Peace’ (1950), and ‘Symphony No. 7 in C-sharp Minor’ (1952).

Major Works

Although ‘Symphony-Concerto in E minor’ is now considered a landmark in the cello and orchestra repertory, Prokofiev is best remembered for his musical symphony, ‘Peter and the Wolf’. It is the most frequently performed work in the entire classical repertoire and has been recorded many times since then.

Facts About Sergei Prokofiev

Sergei Prokofiev had a pet cat named Tarzan, who was known to sit on the composer's piano while he composed music.

Prokofiev was an avid chess player and enjoyed playing the game in his free time.

He was known for his love of fashion and often dressed in a stylish and flamboyant manner, standing out in social circles.

Prokofiev had a fascination with fairy tales and folklore, which inspired many of his compositions, such as "Peter and the Wolf."

Despite his classical music background, Prokofiev also had a keen interest in jazz music and incorporated elements of jazz into some of his compositions.

Awards & Achievements

In spite of being censured by the Soviet authorities, Sergei Prokofiev had received six Stalin Prizes, one in 1943, three in 1946, one in 1947 and one in 1951.

In 1957, he was posthumously awarded the Lenin Prize for his ‘Seventh Symphony.’

Personal Life & Legacy

In 1923, while Sergei Prokofiev was living in the Bavarian Alps, he married the Spanish singer Carolina Codina, whose stage name was Lina Llubera. They had two sons, Sviatoslav, who grew up to be an architect and Oleg, who became a painter, sculptor and poet.

In 1940, Prokofiev became involved with the 25-year-old writer and librettist Mira Mendelson. In 1943, it led to separation from Lina; but they were not formally divorced. Mira remained his common-law-wife until his death in 1953.

Prokofiev had been ill for the last eight years of his life and died on 5 March 1953 from an unspecified illness.

After his death, his fame began to spread and once again he began to be considered the greatest composer in contemporary music both at home and abroad. In 1991, Soviet Union released a stamp to mark his centenary.

Sergei Prokofiev Biography

You wanted to know

What are some famous works composed by Sergei Prokofiev?

What was Sergei Prokofiev's musical style known for?

How did Sergei Prokofiev contribute to the development of Soviet music?

What was the significance of Sergei Prokofiev's ballet "Romeo and Juliet?"

How did Sergei Prokofiev balance his artistic freedom with political pressures in the Soviet Union?