Who was Theodor Schwann? Everything You Need to Know

Quick Facts

German Celebrities Born In December

Died At Age: 71

Family:

siblings: L. Schwann

Biologists Physiologists

Died on: January 11, 1882

More Facts

awards: Copley Medal

Recommended For You

Recommended Lists:

Childhood & Early Life

Theodor Schwann was born on 7 December 1810, at Neuss near Düsseldorf, as the fourth son of Elisabeth Rottels and her husband Leonard Schwann. His father was a goldsmith who later became a printer.

He first went to the Jesuits College in Cologne, and then to Bonn in 1829 where he met the prominent physiologist Johannes Peter Muller. He then proceeded to the University of Würzburg for his medical studies and continued his training at the University of Berlin from where he graduated with a medical degree in 1834. His doctoral dissertation was regarding the respiration of the chick embryo.

Continue Reading Below

Recommended Lists:

German Biologists

German Physiologists

Sagittarius Scientists

Career

At Berlin, Theodor Schwann once again came in contact with Muller who convinced the young man to venture into research. Muller was at that time working on a major book on physiology and Schwann helped him in his research for the project.

He experimented by observing animal cells under the microscope and was particularly fascinated by the nervous and muscular tissues. Over the course of his investigations he came across the cells which envelope the nerve fibers, now called Schwann cells in his honor.

He made extracts from the stomach lining of animals, and discovered that a factor other than hydrochloric acid was instrumental in digestion. Following further research in the area, he successfully isolated the active principle—which he named pepsin—in 1836.

During the 1830s, he performed a series of experiments to determine if the concept of spontaneous generation was true or false. He exposed sterilized broth only to heated air in a glass tube and observed that no micro-organisms were detectable. This convinced him that the idea of spontaneous generation was false.

Around this period, he identified the role that micro-organisms played in alcohol fermentation and putrefaction. Following intensive experimentation he theorized that yeast originated the chemical process of fermentation. However, it was not until over a decade later that his explanation of fermentation was accepted by other scientists.

In 1838, one of his friends, the botanist Matthias Schleiden, published an article discussing the structure and origin of plant cells and theorized that all plant cells share a common structure and that new plant cells form from the nuclei of old plant cells. This article made Schwann wonder if this could be true for animal cells as well.

He shared his ideas with Schleiden and they jointly began investigating the similarities between plant cells and animal cells. Their research on animal tissues led them to formulate the cell theory which was summarized in Schwann's book ‘Microscopic Investigations on the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Plants and Animals’ in 1839.

Schwann became chair of anatomy at the Belgian Catholic University of Leuven in 1839. He was a dedicated professor, much loved by his students. In 1848, he became professor of anatomy at the University of Liege where he worked on a human respirator for environments where the surroundings are not breathable.

Major Works

He discovered the Schwann cells, a variety of glial cell that keep peripheral nerve fibers (both myelinated and unmyelinated) alive. The cells are involved in many important aspects of peripheral nerve biology.

Schwann along with Matthias Schleiden is credited to have given the cell theory which describes the properties of cells. His theory that along with plants, animals are also composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures was a major advancement in the field of biology since little was known about animal structure up to the mid-19th century.

Awards & Achievements

He was awarded the Copley medal in 1845 for his physiological researches on the development of animal and vegetable textures.

In 1879, Schwann was elected to the Royal Society and also to the French Academy of Science.

Personal Life & Legacy

Theodor Schwann was a very simple man who stayed away from scientific controversies and petty rivalries that are common in the scientific fraternity. He was much loved and respected by his students. He never married.

He died on 11 January 1882, in Cologne, Germany, at the age of 71.

Theodor Schwann Biography