Psychologists

Burrhus Frederic Skinner was a prominent American psychologist recognized for his contributions to behaviorism and operant conditioning. As a professor at Harvard University, he pioneered the principle of reinforcement, highlighting the influence of consequences on behavior. Skinner established the experimental analysis of behavior and behavior analysis, introducing innovations such as the Skinner box and the cumulative recorder. Through his extensive writing, including notable works like "Schedules of Reinforcement" and "Verbal Behavior," Skinner made significant advancements in the field of modern behaviorism.

William James was a prominent American philosopher and psychologist known for his significant contributions to the development of psychology in the United States. He was a pioneering educator who introduced the first psychology course in the country and is regarded as one of the leading intellectuals of the late 19th century. Together with Charles Sanders Peirce, James founded pragmatism and functional psychology, which have had a lasting impact on the field. His wide-ranging writings encompass diverse subjects including epistemology, education, metaphysics, psychology, religion, and mysticism, influencing numerous philosophers and scholars.

Abraham Maslow was a prominent American psychologist credited with developing Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a theory that highlights the importance of meeting fundamental human needs to achieve self-actualization. He taught at several institutions such as Brandeis University, Brooklyn College, New School for Social Research, and Columbia University. Maslow emphasized the significance of focusing on individuals' strengths rather than just addressing symptoms, leaving a lasting influence on psychology. He is recognized as the tenth most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Daniel Kahneman was a renowned Israeli-American psychologist recognized for his groundbreaking work in the fields of judgment, decision-making, and behavioral economics. He received the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his role in challenging the assumption of human rationality in economic theory. Alongside Amos Tversky, he laid the foundation for understanding common human errors through heuristics and biases, leading to the development of prospect theory. His influential book "Thinking, Fast and Slow" provided a comprehensive summary of his research and became a bestseller, establishing him as a prominent figure in the field.

Erik Erikson, an American child psychoanalyst, is well-known for his theory on the psychosocial development of individuals. He coined the term "identity crisis" and held professorial positions at esteemed institutions like Harvard, University of California, Berkeley, and Yale. Erikson's significant contributions to psychology were widely acknowledged, and in a 2002 survey, he was ranked as the 12th most eminent psychologist of the 20th century.

Philip Zimbardo is a renowned American psychologist and professor emeritus at Stanford University. He is well-known for his controversial Stanford prison experiment conducted in 1971. Despite facing critique for ethical and scientific issues related to the study, Zimbardo has authored numerous psychology textbooks for college students. Notable works by Zimbardo include The Lucifer Effect, The Time Paradox, and The Time Cure. Furthermore, he is the founder and president of the Heroic Imagination Project, which aims to encourage heroism and altruism.

Carl Rogers was a prominent American psychologist who developed the person-centered psychotherapy approach. His work had a profound impact on various fields including psychotherapy, counseling, education, and organizational settings. He was recognized for his pioneering research in psychotherapy and received prestigious awards for his contributions to psychology. Rogers was widely regarded as one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century due to his significant influence in the field of psychotherapy.

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky was a renowned Russian and Soviet psychologist celebrated for his innovative research on child psychological development. He is best known for introducing the cultural-historical activity theory, which underscores the social roots of cognition and the crucial role of mediation in human growth. Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development theory shed light on the difference between a child's existing skills and their capabilities with assistance. Additionally, he emphasized the importance of play in children's learning and mediation process.

John B. Watson was a prominent American psychologist who played a key role in promoting behaviorism as a psychological theory. In 1913, he gave a pivotal address at Columbia University titled "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It," which had a significant influence on the field. Watson conducted research on various topics including animal behavior, child development, and advertising strategies. He is well-known for his controversial experiments such as "Little Albert" and the Kerplunk experiment. Additionally, he served as the editor of Psychological Review and was widely recognized as one of the most cited psychologists of the 20th century.

Albert Bandura, a renowned psychologist from Canada and America, made significant contributions to education and psychology. He was a key figure at Stanford University, where he helped shape social cognitive theory, therapy, and personality psychology. Bandura's research on social learning theory, observational learning, and self-efficacy has left a lasting mark on the field. His well-known Bobo doll experiment underscored the importance of observational learning. Bandura was highly esteemed in his lifetime and is often considered one of the most influential psychologists in history.

Alfred Adler, an Austrian medical doctor and psychotherapist, established the school of individual psychology. He focused on the significance of belonging, family relationships, and birth order, setting himself apart from Freud and his contemporaries. Adler believed that helping others was crucial for individuals to experience a sense of value and connection in society. He introduced the concept of the "inferiority complex" and emphasized the role of inferiority in shaping personality. Adler's research underscored the social aspect in personal readjustment and community psychiatry.

Wilhelm Wundt is renowned as a German physiologist, philosopher, and professor, recognized as a key figure in the development of modern psychology. He played a crucial role in distinguishing psychology as a distinct science separate from philosophy and biology, becoming the first to self-identify as a psychologist. In 1879, Wundt established the initial formal laboratory dedicated to psychological research at the University of Leipzig, a milestone that solidified psychology as an independent field of study. Additionally, he was instrumental in launching the first academic journals focused on psychological research, contributing significantly to the advancement of the discipline. Wundt is widely hailed as the "father of experimental psychology".

Stanley Milgram, an influential American social psychologist, conducted controversial obedience experiments in the 1960s. Inspired by the Holocaust and Adolf Eichmann's trial, he conducted groundbreaking research at Yale, Harvard, and the City University of New York Graduate Center. His work on obedience to authority and the small-world concept had a significant impact on social psychology. Milgram's studies shed light on human behavior and compliance, earning him a prominent place in the history of psychology.

Anna Freud, a prominent British psychoanalyst, made significant contributions to the field by emphasizing the importance of the ego's development and collaborative work in various analytical settings. She fled Vienna during the Nazi regime and continued her psychoanalytic practice in London. Anna established the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic, which is now recognized as the Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, serving as a hub for therapy, training, and research in child psychoanalysis.

Paul Ekman is an American psychologist and professor emeritus at the University of California, San Francisco. He is renowned for his pioneering work in the study of emotions and their connection to facial expressions. Ekman is ranked as one of the top psychologists of the twentieth century, known for his research into the biological underpinnings of emotions. His work focuses on demonstrating the universality and distinctiveness of emotions from a Darwinian perspective, contributing significantly to the understanding of human emotional expression.

Kurt Lewin, a renowned German-American psychologist, is recognized for his groundbreaking contributions to social, organizational, and applied psychology in the United States. Throughout his career, Lewin emphasized applied research, action research, and group communication. He is often referred to as the "founder of social psychology" for his early exploration of group dynamics and organizational development. His work continues to influence the field, as evidenced by a 2002 survey ranking him as the 18th-most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Martin Seligman, an American psychologist, educator, and author, is recognized for his significant contributions to positive psychology and well-being. He holds the position of Zellerbach Family Professor of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania and is the director of the Positive Psychology Center there. Seligman is a well-respected figure in the scientific community, particularly known for his research on learned helplessness and positive psychology. He has published several influential books on topics including optimism, happiness, and child psychology. Seligman has also served as president of the American Psychological Association and plays various advisory roles.

Karen Horney was a German psychoanalyst who practiced in the United States and was known for challenging traditional Freudian views. Her theories on sexuality and psychoanalysis diverged from Freud's, particularly in her founding of feminist psychology as a response to his theory of penis envy. Horney rejected the notion of inherent psychological differences between men and women, attributing such distinctions to societal and cultural influences rather than biology. Her work significantly influenced the field of psychology and continues to be studied and discussed today.

Jerome Seymour Bruner was a distinguished American psychologist renowned for his influential work in cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory within educational psychology. He earned his BA from Duke University and his PhD from Harvard University, and went on to hold academic positions at esteemed institutions including Harvard University, the University of Oxford, and New York University. Bruner was ranked as the 28th most cited psychologist of the 20th century in a 2002 survey conducted by the Review of General Psychology.

Amos Tversky was a renowned Israeli psychologist recognized for his groundbreaking research on human cognitive biases and risk perception. He played a pivotal role in establishing the field of behavioral economics, notably co-developing prospect theory with Daniel Kahneman. Collaborating with esteemed researchers such as Kahneman, Thomas Gilovich, and Richard Thaler, Tversky significantly advanced the understanding of human decision-making processes. His profound impact on psychology and economics is evidenced by his status as one of the most cited psychologists of the 20th century.

Lawrence Kohlberg, an influential American psychologist, is well-known for his theory on stages of moral development. He held professorships at the University of Chicago and Harvard University, where he concentrated on moral judgment, expanding on Jean Piaget's research. Despite facing obstacles in getting his views published initially, Kohlberg's work successfully combined Piaget's theories with insights from philosophers Mead and Baldwin, laying the foundation for the field of moral development in psychology. His substantial contributions established him as one of the most prominent psychologists of the 20th century.

John Bowlby was a prominent British psychologist, psychiatrist, and psychoanalyst recognized for his pioneering research in child development and attachment theory. His emphasis on the significance of early childhood attachments in influencing emotional and social development has made substantial contributions to the field. Bowlby's work remains influential in psychology, with his theories and research being widely referenced and esteemed for their insights into human behavior and relationships. His legacy is celebrated and studied within the realm of psychology.

Albert Ellis was a prominent American psychologist and psychotherapist credited with creating rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). He held advanced degrees in clinical psychology and was certified by the American Board of Professional Psychology. Ellis founded the Albert Ellis Institute in New York City and played a crucial role in the cognitive revolution in psychotherapy. He was acknowledged as a pioneer of cognitive-behavioral therapies and was ranked as the second most influential psychotherapist in history in a 1982 survey of American and Canadian psychologists.

Alfred Binet, a French psychologist, co-invented the Binet-Simon test, the first practical intelligence test. He advocated for educating children with learning difficulties in classes attached to regular schools instead of special boarding schools. Binet stressed the need for objective evidence to assess a child's capabilities for regular education, which led to the development of the IQ test. His contributions laid the groundwork for modern intelligence testing and assessment methods.

Elizabeth F. Loftus is a notable American psychologist known for her research on the misinformation effect, false memory, and criticism of recovered memory therapies. Her work includes studies on the influence of phrasing on event perceptions, experiments like the "lost in the mall" scenario, and how false memories can manipulate food preferences. Loftus has also been active in the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, offered expert testimony in various legal proceedings, and written books such as "The Myth of Repressed Memory" and "Witness for the Defense."

Gordon Allport was a prominent American psychologist recognized for his groundbreaking contributions to personality psychology. He diverged from psychoanalytic and behavioral perspectives, opting for an inclusive theory centered around traits. Allport highlighted the individuality of each person and stressed the significance of current circumstances in deciphering personality. His work on values scales and exploration of topics like rumor, prejudice, and religion were particularly noteworthy. Allport's enduring impact on psychology can be seen through the success of his students who have gone on to make significant contributions to the field.

Aaron T. Beck is a renowned American psychiatrist recognized as the pioneer of cognitive therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). His innovative approaches transformed the management of clinical depression and anxiety disorders. Beck created popular self-assessment tools for depression and anxiety, like the Beck Depression Inventory. He was a co-founder of the Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy, a hub for CBT treatment, education, and research. With a vast collection of over 600 professional articles and 25 books, Beck's contributions have established him as a prominent figure in the fields of psychiatry and psychotherapy.

Melanie Klein was a renowned Austrian-British author and psychoanalyst known for her significant contributions to child analysis. She played a crucial role in advancing object relations theory, proposing that early existential anxiety in infancy led to the formation of the unconscious and the splitting of the world into good and bad idealizations. Klein emphasized the influence of a child's resolution of this split, influenced by their constitution and early nurturing experiences, on the potential presence of distress in later life.

Raymond Cattell was a prominent psychologist known for his research on various aspects of personality, temperament, cognitive abilities, motivation, emotion, abnormal personality, group behavior, psychotherapy, learning theory, creativity, and achievement. He authored many scholarly publications and psychometric tests, promoting factor analytic methods to study personality traits. His work led to the creation of the 16 personality factor model and the 16PF Questionnaire. Cattell also made significant contributions to intelligence studies, motivation, career assessment, and vocational interests, impacting the field of psychology.

Granville Stanley Hall, an influential American psychologist and educator, earned the first doctorate in psychology in the US. He was renowned for his research on human life span development and evolutionary theory. Hall held the positions of the first president of the American Psychological Association and the first president of Clark University. He is esteemed as one of the most cited psychologists of the 20th century, with his contributions leaving a lasting impact on the fields of psychology and education.

Robert J. Sternberg is a renowned American psychologist and psychometrician, serving as a Professor of Human Development at Cornell University. With a solid academic foundation from Yale University and Stanford University, he has made notable contributions to psychology with his triarchic theory of intelligence and research on creativity, wisdom, and leadership. Sternberg has received honorary doctorates from several esteemed universities globally and is acknowledged as a prominent figure in psychology, ranking as the 60th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Leon Festinger, an influential American social psychologist, made significant contributions to the field through his work on cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory. He challenged the behaviorist perspective in social psychology by highlighting the limitations of stimulus-response conditioning. Festinger was known for his use of laboratory experimentation and his advocacy for studying real-life situations. His research interests spanned various fields, including psychology, visual perception, archaeology, history, and human evolutionary sciences. Festinger gained recognition for his study of group dynamics by infiltrating a doomsday cult. His contributions solidified his position as one of the most cited psychologists of the 20th century.

Mary Ainsworth, a prominent American-Canadian developmental psychologist, is well-known for her significant contributions to attachment theory. She developed the influential strange situation procedure, a method used to study early emotional bonds between children and their primary caregivers. Ainsworth's research is a key foundation of contemporary attachment theory, providing fundamental insights into attachment behaviors. Her work has had a significant impact on the field of psychology, as evidenced by her ranking as the 97th most cited psychologist of the 20th century in a 2002 survey.

Fritz Perls, a German psychiatrist and psychotherapist, is renowned for pioneering Gestalt therapy. Developed with his wife, Laura Perls, in the 1940s and 1950s, this form of psychotherapy emphasizes increasing awareness of current experiences like sensation, perception, emotion, and behavior. Perls later associated with the Esalen Institute in 1964, residing there for a time and highlighting the significance of relationships and connections between oneself, the environment, and others.

Walter Mischel was an Austrian-born American psychologist known for his expertise in personality theory and social psychology. He held the prestigious position of the Robert Johnston Niven Professor of Humane Letters in the Department of Psychology at Columbia University. Mischel's contributions to the field were highly regarded, as evidenced by his ranking as the 25th most cited psychologist of the 20th century in a Review of General Psychology survey published in 2002. His work has had a lasting impact on the understanding of human behavior and cognition.

George Armitage Miller was an influential American psychologist recognized for his significant contributions to cognitive psychology and cognitive science. He was instrumental in advancing the field of psycholinguistics and conducting innovative studies on human short-term memory capacity, including introducing the concept of the "Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two." Miller's research revolutionized psychological theories by emphasizing mental processes, language, and information theory, leaving a lasting impact on the field of psychology in the twentieth century.

Mary Whiton Calkins was a pioneering American philosopher and psychologist known for her innovative research on memory, dreams, and the self. Despite facing gender discrimination, she made significant contributions to psychology. Calkins established the first women's psychological laboratory at Wellesley College and was the first woman to fulfill the requirements for a doctoral degree in psychology at Harvard University. She later served as president of both the American Psychological Association and the American Philosophical Association. Teaching psychology and philosophy at Wellesley College for forty years, Calkins conducted research at Harvard University, leaving a lasting impact on the history of women in psychology.

Jerome Kagan was an American psychologist known for his significant contributions to developmental psychology. He held the position of Daniel and Amy Starch Research Professor of Psychology at Harvard University and was a co-faculty member at the New England Complex Systems Institute. Kagan's research focused on the stability of infants' temperament over time and its predictive nature for behavior patterns in adolescence. He was recognized as one of the key pioneers in the field of developmental psychology and was ranked among the most eminent psychologists of the twentieth century.

Neal E. Miller was a renowned American experimental psychologist recognized for his contributions to behavioral and physiological psychology. His research focused on fear as a learned drive and its impact on conflict, as well as significant advancements in behavioral medicine, particularly in biofeedback. Miller lectured at esteemed institutions including Yale University, Rockefeller University, and Cornell University Medical College. His groundbreaking work earned him numerous awards and accolades, establishing him as a prominent figure in the field of psychology.

Jordan Peterson is a Canadian psychologist, author, and media commentator renowned for his perspectives on cultural and political matters. With expertise in political science and psychology, he earned a PhD in clinical psychology and taught at Harvard University before becoming a professor at the University of Toronto. Peterson is recognized for his criticism of Bill C-16 and "political correctness" and has authored popular books such as "Maps of Meaning," "12 Rules for Life," and "Beyond Order." He has also partnered with various media platforms and organizations to disseminate his insights.

In September 2018, Christine Blasey Ford accused then-U.S. Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh of sexually assaulting her in 1982 when they were teenagers. Ford, an American psychology professor at Palo Alto University and a research psychologist at Stanford University School of Medicine, specializes in developing statistical models for research projects. She has also worked as a professor in the Collaborative Clinical Psychology Program at Stanford University School of Medicine and testified about her allegations during a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing regarding Kavanaugh's Supreme Court nomination later that month.

Timothy Francis Leary was an American psychologist and author recognized for championing psychedelic drugs. He established the Harvard Psilocybin Project to investigate the healing properties of LSD and psilocybin. His research sparked controversy due to his own psychedelics use and ethical concerns, leading to his dismissal from Harvard in 1963. Leary was a firm believer in the therapeutic benefits of LSD and formulated a consciousness model. He remained a vocal advocate for psychedelic substances, playing a significant role in the counterculture movement of the 1960s.

Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian philosopher, cultural theorist, and public intellectual known for his work in continental philosophy, political theory, film criticism, and theology. He is the international director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities at the University of London, a visiting professor at New York University, and a senior researcher at the University of Ljubljana's Department of Philosophy. Žižek is a prominent figure in the Ljubljana School of Psychoanalysis and is well-known for his influential book "The Sublime Object of Ideology." His unique style, characterized by provocative statements, obscene jokes, and pop culture references, has generated both acclaim and criticism in academic and non-academic circles.

John Dewey was a prominent American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer known for his strong advocacy for democracy and progressive educational ideas. He highlighted the importance of experimental intelligence and diversity in schools and society. Dewey played a significant role in pragmatism and functional psychology, particularly with his work on the reflex arc concept in psychology. He was a leading figure in progressive education and liberalism, establishing the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools to implement his teaching methods. Dewey's extensive writings covered various subjects including epistemology, metaphysics, aesthetics, and ethics.

Steven Pinker is a renowned Canadian-American cognitive psychologist, psycholinguist, and public intellectual known for his advocacy of evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mind. He holds the Johnstone Family Professorship in Psychology at Harvard University, with a specialization in visual cognition, developmental linguistics, and research on mental imagery and language development. Pinker has authored technical works on language acquisition and popular science books on psycholinguistics and cognitive science. His contributions to psychology and human understanding have earned him several awards and accolades.

William Moulton Marston was an American psychologist, comic book writer, and self-help author. He is best known for creating the iconic character Wonder Woman and inventing an early version of the polygraph. In 2006, Marston was inducted into the Comic Book Hall of Fame for his significant contributions to the industry.

John Money was a prominent psychologist, sexologist, and professor acclaimed for his pioneering research in human sexual behavior and gender. He promoted surgical interventions for intersex infants and introduced precise terminology in sex research, like gender role and sexual orientation. Despite later criticism, especially concerning the David Reimer case, Money's contributions were significant in psychology and sexology. He established the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic and produced a vast body of work comprising articles, books, and reviews. Throughout his career, Money received numerous honors and awards for his impactful research.

Jacques Lacan was a renowned French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist celebrated for his provocative and influential contributions to the field of psychoanalysis. He held annual seminars in Paris, penned papers compiled in the book Écrits, and published seminar transcriptions. Lacan's work left a lasting imprint on continental philosophy, cultural theory, and psychoanalysis by emphasizing the philosophical aspects of Freudian principles and integrating concepts from structuralism, linguistics, and anthropology. His pioneering methods in clinical practice resulted in his expulsion from the International Psychoanalytic Association, leading him to establish new psychoanalytic institutions.

Wilhelm Reich was an Austrian doctor and psychoanalyst celebrated for his groundbreaking work in psychiatry. He wrote influential books like The Impulsive Character, The Function of the Orgasm, Character Analysis, and The Mass Psychology of Fascism. Reich's theory of muscular armor influenced therapeutic methods like body psychotherapy and Gestalt therapy. He popularized the term "the sexual revolution" and played a significant role in the student protests of 1968. Reich's research on orgone energy and the controversial orgone accumulators resulted in legal issues and time in prison.

Eugene Landy was a prominent American psychologist recognized for his contentious 24-hour therapy program and work with celebrity clients. He closely oversaw and directed his clients' lives through a team of counselors and doctors. One of his most famous patients was Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys, with whom he established a business and creative alliance during the 1980s. Landy provided therapy to various celebrities in Los Angeles, spanning musicians and actors. Nevertheless, his professional practices were subject to investigation, leading to the suspension of his professional license in California in 1989.

Simon Baron-Cohen is a distinguished British clinical psychologist and professor of developmental psychopathology at the University of Cambridge. He is the director of the Autism Research Centre at the university and a Fellow of Trinity College. Baron-Cohen is renowned for his groundbreaking theories on autism, including the mindblindness theory, prenatal sex steroid theory, and empathising-systemising theory. His contributions to autism research span various areas such as prevalence, genetics, neuroimaging, vulnerability, intervention, and synaesthesia. Knighted in 2021, Baron-Cohen is recognized for his exceptional service to individuals with autism.

Theodor W. Adorno was a prominent German philosopher, musicologist, and social theorist associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory. His influential works, such as Dialectic of Enlightenment and Minima Moralia, offered critical analyses of modern society through the perspectives of Freud, Marx, and Hegel. Adorno was well-regarded for his expertise in avant-garde music, collaborations with Thomas Mann, and research on authoritarianism and propaganda at the Institute for Social Research. He also contributed to debates on positivist science and Heidegger's authenticity. Additionally, Adorno's Aesthetic Theory provided a fresh evaluation of the relationship between emotion and comprehension in contemporary art.

Henry Alexander Murray, an American psychologist, is renowned for his work at Harvard University. He was the Director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic and the creator of personology, a theory of personality that emphasizes "need" and "press." Murray, along with Christiana Morgan, co-developed the widely utilized Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). However, his reputation was marred by his association with controversial experiments, such as those carried out on Ted Kaczynski, the Unabomber.

Jonathan Haidt is an American social psychologist and author known for his research on the psychology of morality and moral emotions. He serves as the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership at New York University Stern School of Business. Haidt's work centers around moral foundations theory, which explores the evolutionary origins of human moral reasoning, emphasizing innate gut feelings over logic. He also examines how moral reasoning intersects with political ideology, leading to the publication of various books for general audiences on topics such as happiness, moral politics, political polarization, mental health, and college culture.

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, a Hungarian-American psychologist, is renowned for introducing and defining the concept of "flow," a heightened state of concentration that boosts productivity. He served as a Distinguished Professor of Psychology and Management at Claremont Graduate University. Previously, he headed the psychology department at the University of Chicago and the sociology and anthropology department at Lake Forest College. Csikszentmihalyi's research on flow has greatly influenced the realms of psychology and management, shaping how people tackle tasks and attain peak performance.

Chad Allen is a renowned American psychologist and former actor recognized for his successful career in the entertainment industry. He achieved early acclaim for his acting abilities, earning three Young Artist Awards and a GLAAD Media Award. Allen rose to prominence as a teen heartthrob in the late 1980s with notable roles in hit TV shows like "Our House" and "My Two Dads." He later took on more mature roles, notably starring as Matthew Cooper in the CBS drama "Dr. Quinn: Medicine Woman" before retiring from acting in 2015.

Laura Schlessinger, also known as Dr. Laura, is a prominent American talk radio host and author. She is the host of The Dr. Laura Program on Sirius XM Radio, where she provides personal advice to callers and engages in discussions about social and political issues. Dr. Laura, who initially worked as a marriage and family counselor, later turned her focus to radio hosting and writing self-help books. Some of her popular works include "Ten Stupid Things Women Do to Mess Up Their Lives" and "The Proper Care and Feeding of Husbands." She briefly hosted a television talk show before transitioning to satellite radio in 2011, where she has continued her influential career.

Harry Harlow, a renowned American psychologist, conducted pioneering experiments on rhesus monkeys that underscored the significance of caregiving and social companionship in social and cognitive development. Collaborating with Abraham Maslow at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, his research centered on maternal separation, dependency needs, and social isolation. Harlow's controversial experiments involved the creation of surrogate "mothers" to examine attachment preferences among the monkeys. His work left a lasting imprint on psychology and played a role in the animal liberation movement in the United States.

Dan Ariely is a renowned professor and author specializing in psychology and behavioral economics at Duke University. He has co-founded companies that apply behavioral science principles and wrote an advice column for the WSJ. Ariely is the author of three New York Times bestsellers and co-produced a documentary. Despite a retracted paper with falsified data, an investigation did not find evidence of Ariely's direct involvement. His book "Predictably Irrational" served as inspiration for the NBC series, The Irrational, which is based on his research and experiences.

James Clayton Dobson Jr. is an American evangelical Christian author, psychologist, and founder of Focus on the Family (FotF). He was a prominent figure in conservative social advocacy and led FotF from 1977 until 2010. Dobson is known for promoting "family values" and traditional gender roles based on Christian teachings through various organizations he founded, such as the Family Research Council and the Dr. James Dobson Family Institute.

Rupert Sheldrake is an English author and parapsychology researcher recognized for his controversial theory of morphic resonance. His diverse career includes roles as a biochemist at Cambridge University, a Harvard scholar, a researcher at the Royal Society, and a plant physiologist for ICRISAT in India. Sheldrake's research delves into paranormal phenomena such as precognition, telepathy, and the psychic staring effect. Some categorize him as a New Age author, and his concept of morphic resonance challenges conventional biological beliefs regarding development, inheritance, and memory. Critics question the validity of his ideas due to a lack of empirical evidence and contradictions with established scientific principles.

Ian Lithgow is an American actor who gained recognition for his role as Leon in the NBC series 3rd Rock from the Sun. His portrayal of the character showcased his acting talents and contributed to the success of the show during its run from 1996 to 2001. In addition to his acting career, Ian Lithgow has also ventured into the field of therapy, where he has utilized his skills to help others. Overall, he has established himself as a versatile professional with a diverse range of talents.

Carol S. Dweck is an accomplished American psychologist renowned for her research on motivation and mindset. She currently holds the Lewis and Virginia Eaton Professorship of Psychology at Stanford University and has previously worked at the University of Illinois, Harvard, and Columbia. Dweck has received accolades for her significant contributions to the field, such as being recognized as a James McKeen Cattell Fellow and a William James Fellow by the Association for Psychological Science. She has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 2012.

Elizabeth Holloway Marston made significant contributions to the development of the systolic blood pressure measurement technique, which later became the polygraph test, alongside her husband. She was a pioneering American attorney and psychologist who played a crucial role in this innovation. Elizabeth also inspired the creation of the iconic comic book character Wonder Woman. Her professional accomplishments in psychology and law left lasting impacts in both fields.

Howard Gardner is a prominent American developmental psychologist and the John H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Research Professor of Cognition and Education at Harvard University. He co-founded Harvard Project Zero in 1967 and held leadership positions at the research center from 1972 to 2023. Since 1995, he has served as the co-director of The Good Project. Gardner is renowned for his theory of multiple intelligences, which he detailed in his influential 1983 book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Although he retired from teaching in 2019, Gardner remains active in research and writing, including maintaining several blogs.

Robert Anton Wilson was an influential American author known for popularizing Discordianism and promoting generalized agnosticism. He wrote science-fiction novels and extensively explored topics like extrasensory perception, conspiracy theories, and quantum psychology. Wilson, who had a background in journalism and editing for Playboy, became a prominent countercultural figure in the 1970s, similar to Timothy Leary and Terence McKenna.

Edward Lee Thorndike was a prominent American psychologist recognized for his contributions to comparative psychology and the study of learning processes. He conducted groundbreaking research at Teachers College, Columbia University, where he formulated the theory of connectionism and established a strong scientific foundation for educational psychology. Thorndike's work extended to industrial problem-solving, including the development of employee examinations and testing methods. His research on reinforcement theory and behavior analysis, notably the law of effect, significantly influenced the fields of behavioral psychology and education.

Adam M. Grant is a renowned American author and professor at the Wharton School, focusing on organizational psychology. With an expertise in understanding workplace dynamics and behavior, he has made significant contributions to the field through his research and writings. Grant is widely respected for his work in helping individuals and organizations to improve their performance and achieve success. His books have garnered critical acclaim and have had a profound impact on the way people approach work and leadership.

Robert Cialdini is a highly respected American psychologist known for his influential work in psychology and marketing. As a Regents' Professor Emeritus at Arizona State University, he has made substantial contributions to the study of human behavior and persuasion strategies. Cialdini has also taught as a visiting professor at renowned institutions like Stanford University, where he has shared his knowledge in marketing, business, and psychology. His research and teachings have significantly shaped the understanding of social influence and persuasion.

George Herbert Mead made significant contributions to the fields of philosophy, sociology, and psychology. He was an influential American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist who was associated with the University of Chicago. Mead played a crucial role in advancing pragmatism and is considered a pioneer of symbolic interactionism. His work greatly influenced the development of the Chicago School of Sociology, shaping our understanding of human behavior and social interaction.

Thomas Stephen Szasz was a Hungarian-American academic and psychiatrist renowned for his critical perspectives on psychiatry. He was a professor of psychiatry at the State University of New York Upstate Medical University and held distinguished positions in the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychoanalytic Association. Szasz gained recognition for his influential works such as "The Myth of Mental Illness" and "The Manufacture of Madness," advocating that mental illnesses are not genuine diseases but symbolic representations of human challenges. He opposed forced psychiatric interventions while endorsing voluntary psychiatric care.

John Amaechi, a former professional basketball player, is now an English-American psychologist and consultant. He had a successful career in the NBA after playing college basketball at Vanderbilt and Penn State. Amaechi also played in basketball leagues in France, Greece, Italy, and the United Kingdom. After retiring from basketball, he established his company, Amaechi Performance Systems, and made history in 2007 by becoming the first former NBA player to publicly come out as gay in his memoir, "Man in the Middle."

Amy Cuddy is a renowned American social psychologist, author, and speaker recognized for her research on "power posing." She has taught at various prestigious institutions such as Rutgers University, Kellogg School of Management, and Harvard Business School. Cuddy's studies primarily revolve around utilizing the stereotype content model to assess perceptions of stereotyped individuals and groups. Despite departing from her tenured role at Harvard Business School in 2017, she continues to be actively engaged in its executive education programs. Cuddy's investigations into power posing have garnered both acclaim and skepticism regarding its scientific credibility.

Gregory Bateson made notable contributions to anthropology, social science, linguistics, visual anthropology, semiotics, and cybernetics. His work spanned multiple fields, and he was instrumental in shaping the double-bind theory of schizophrenia. Bateson's fascination with systems theory was a consistent theme in his work, and he played a significant role in pivotal conferences on cybernetics and group processes. His collaboration with Stewart Brand also bolstered his impact, particularly in investigating the connections between these disciplines and epistemology.

Eric Hoffer was a renowned American philosopher and author who made significant literary contributions. He wrote ten books, with his work "The True Believer" being widely acclaimed as a classic. However, Hoffer himself regarded "The Ordeal of Change" as his best piece. His influence went beyond his writings, as he was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1983. Today, Hoffer's legacy lives on through the Eric Hoffer Book Award and a literary prize named in his honor at the University of California, Berkeley.

Geert Hofstede was a Dutch social psychologist, IBM employee, and Professor Emeritus at Maastricht University in the Netherlands. He was renowned for his groundbreaking work in the field of cross-cultural studies, particularly for developing a widely used framework for measuring cultural dimensions on a global scale. His research focused on national cultures and organizational cultures, leading to the creation of significant publications such as Culture's Consequences and Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, co-authored with his son, Gert Jan Hofstede.

Hans Jürgen Eysenck was a psychologist known for his research on intelligence and personality. While highly cited during his lifetime, his work has been criticized and scrutinized. Eysenck's claims on personality types, health risks, IQ scores, and race have been discredited by subsequent research. Errors and data manipulation have been found in his work, leading to retractions and concerns in the scientific community.

Urie Bronfenbrenner was a renowned American psychologist recognized for his pioneering contributions to the field of human development. He introduced the influential ecological systems theory, which underscored the significance of environmental contexts in comprehending development. Through works such as "The Ecology of Human Development" and "The Bioecological Model of Human Development," Bronfenbrenner emphasized the importance of natural experiments and practical interventions. His role in establishing the US Head Start program showcased his dedication to applying developmental research in real-world settings, thereby influencing the field of developmental psychology.

Milton H. Erickson was a highly respected American psychiatrist and psychologist known for his exceptional work in medical hypnosis and family therapy. He played a pivotal role as the founding president of the American Society for Clinical Hypnosis, where he introduced groundbreaking ideas about the unconscious mind, considering it a wellspring of innovation and problem-solving. Erickson's impact spread across a range of therapeutic approaches such as brief therapy, strategic family therapy, family systems therapy, solution-focused brief therapy, and neuro-linguistic programming, significantly influencing contemporary psychological methodologies.

Hermann Ebbinghaus was a distinguished German psychologist recognized for his groundbreaking research in memory studies. He is renowned for uncovering the forgetting curve, which explains how information diminishes over time without regular review. Ebbinghaus also introduced the spacing effect, emphasizing the advantages of spacing study sessions for improved memory retention. Moreover, he was the first to delineate the learning curve, illustrating the progression of learning new material. Ebbinghaus's significant contributions continue to influence the field of psychology.

Elton Mayo, an Australian psychologist, industrial researcher, and organizational theorist, is renowned for his groundbreaking contributions to industrial research and human relations. Trained at the University of Adelaide, Mayo conducted significant research on the psychoanalytic treatment of shell-shock during World War I. Subsequently, as a professor at Harvard Business School, he conducted influential studies at a textile plant. Mayo's work was instrumental in shaping the human relations movement by highlighting the significance of relationships and the informal organization within industrial workplaces.

Gustave Le Bon, a French polymath, was renowned for his expertise in anthropology, psychology, sociology, medicine, invention, and physics. His influential work "The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind" significantly shaped the field of crowd psychology. Initially trained as a doctor, he transitioned to writing and served in the French Army during the Franco-Prussian War. Le Bon conducted extensive travels to study various cultures and civilizations through anthropology. His later focus on psychology and sociology led to pioneering theories on crowd behavior and societal dynamics.

Eric Kandel is an Austrian-born American medical doctor specializing in psychiatry and a distinguished professor of biochemistry and biophysics at Columbia University. He is a renowned neuroscientist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000 for his groundbreaking research on memory storage mechanisms in neurons. Kandel is a Senior Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the founding director of Columbia University's Center for Neurobiology and Behavior. He is also a member of the Scientific Council of the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation.

Bruno Bettelheim was a psychologist and writer recognized for his contributions in the United States to the education and treatment of emotionally disturbed children, specifically in the realm of autism. He held positions at esteemed institutions like the University of Chicago and Stanford University, emphasizing psychoanalytic therapy for children with behavioral and emotional disorders. Following his death, Bettelheim's professional standing was tarnished by accusations of academic dishonesty and mistreatment of patients.

Kenneth Bancroft Clark, a pioneering African-American psychologist, conducted influential research on racial identity and the impact of segregation on children. He was the first to earn a Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University and supported the landmark Brown v. Board of Education case. Clark advocated for civil rights and education reform, founding organizations like the Northside Center for Child Development and Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited to improve mental health services and educational opportunities for minority children. Throughout his career, he served as a tenured professor, expert witness, and vocal advocate for integration.

Richard Lynn was an English psychologist known for promoting a genetic connection between race and intelligence. He held positions at Ulster University, University of Exeter, and the Economic and Social Research Institute in Dublin. Lynn faced criticism for lacking scientific rigor, misrepresenting data, and promoting a racialist political agenda. He co-authored books on developmental differences among nations based on average IQ and endorsed fringe positions on sexual differences in intelligence. Lynn also advocated for anti-immigration and eugenics policies, which led to international criticism.

Marsha M. Linehan is an American psychologist and author known for creating dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). She serves as an Emeritus Professor of Psychology and Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle, where she also directs the Behavioral Research and Therapy Clinics. Linehan's research primarily focuses on borderline personality disorder, behavioral models for suicidal behaviors, and drug abuse. Renowned for her groundbreaking work in mental health, she is considered one of the most influential clinical innovators alongside Aaron Beck.

Pierre-Félix Guattari was a French psychoanalyst, political philosopher, semiotician, social activist, and screenwriter who co-founded schizoanalysis with Gilles Deleuze and ecosophy with Arne Næss. He is known for his collaborations with Deleuze on works such as Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus, which explore Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Guattari made substantial contributions to psychoanalysis, philosophy, and social activism, leaving a lasting influence on contemporary thought.

Lillian Moller Gilbreth was a pioneering American psychologist and industrial engineer known for applying psychology to time-and-motion studies. As one of the first female engineers to earn a Ph.D., she is considered the first industrial/organizational psychologist. Alongside her husband, Frank Bunker Gilbreth, she made significant contributions to industrial engineering, particularly in motion study and human factors. Their innovative approach to organizing daily activities was featured in books and films.

Robert Plutchik was a renowned psychologist, professor, and researcher recognized for his substantial contributions to the field of psychology. He held positions at esteemed institutions like the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the University of South Florida. With a Ph.D. from Columbia University, Plutchik authored various articles, chapters, and books, demonstrating his expertise in emotions, suicide, violence, and psychotherapy. His professional legacy comprises a substantial body of work that has significantly enhanced the comprehension of human behavior and mental processes.

Benjamin Bloom was a prominent American educational psychologist recognized for his classification of educational objectives and the theory of mastery learning. He significantly contributed to the creation of a comprehensive system for defining and evaluating educational outcomes in the mid-1950s. Bloom's work has had a lasting influence on educators globally, influencing their approaches and beliefs in the latter half of the twentieth century. His contributions have improved the comprehension and application of successful teaching and learning strategies in educational environments.

Donald Arthur Norman is an American researcher, professor, and author known for his expertise in design, usability engineering, and cognitive science. He is the director of The Design Lab at the University of California, San Diego, and a co-founder of the Nielsen Norman Group. Norman has made significant contributions to the field of cognitive systems engineering and advocates for user-centered design. He holds the title of Professor Emeritus of Cognitive Science at UC San Diego and is an IDEO fellow, actively teaching at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.

Stanislav "Stan" Grof is an American psychiatrist known for his pioneering work in transpersonal psychology and research on non-ordinary states of consciousness. He has made significant contributions to the understanding of psychological healing, self-exploration, and gaining insights into the human psyche. Grof is recognized as a leading figure in the exploration of altered states of consciousness for personal growth and spiritual development. His work has had a profound impact on the field of psychology and therapy, influencing countless individuals seeking profound transformation.

Rollo Reece May, an American existential psychologist, gained recognition for his influential book Love and Will. He played a significant role in humanistic psychology and existentialist philosophy, promoting existential psychotherapy alongside Viktor Frankl. May developed close connections with notable individuals such as philosopher and theologian Paul Tillich, whose ideas greatly impacted his own work. His other notable works, such as The Meaning of Anxiety and The Courage to Create, established him as a prominent figure in existential psychology and philosophy.

Marshall Rosenberg was a renowned American psychologist, mediator, author, and educator who pioneered nonviolent communication in the early 1960s. Throughout his career, he focused on promoting partnership and conflict resolution in various aspects of life. As a global peacemaker, Rosenberg founded the Center for Nonviolent Communication in 1984 and led its Educational Services. Through his nonprofit organization, he made valuable contributions to cultivating empathy and understanding in diverse communities to foster a more harmonious world.

Carol Gilligan is a prominent American feminist, ethicist, and psychologist known for her significant contributions to ethical community and relationships. She currently holds the position of professor of Humanities and Applied Psychology at New York University and has also been a visiting professor at the Centre for Gender Studies and Jesus College at the University of Cambridge. Gilligan's influential work, "In a Different Voice," challenged Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development. Time magazine recognized her impact by including her in America's 25 most influential people in 1996. Gilligan is widely acknowledged as the founder of the ethics of care.

Otto Rank, an Austrian psychoanalyst and philosopher, was a close colleague of Sigmund Freud for 20 years. He was a prolific writer on psychoanalytic topics, editor of prominent analytic journals, and managing director of Freud's publishing house. In 1926, Rank relocated to Paris, where he pursued a successful career as a lecturer, writer, and therapist in both France and the United States.

Stanley Coren is a well-respected psychology professor and neuropsychological researcher, highly regarded for his knowledge in canine intelligence, mental abilities, and history. Based at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, he is known for conducting cutting-edge research and sharing his expertise in psychology. Coren is a regular contributor to Psychology Today through his popular series, Canine Corner, where he delves into the cognitive capabilities and behaviors of dogs, showcasing his passion for understanding and sharing information about our beloved companions.

Otto Weininger was an Austrian philosopher acclaimed for his work "Geschlecht und Charakter" (Sex and Character). Despite his youth, Weininger had a profound influence on prominent thinkers like Ludwig Wittgenstein, August Strindberg, and James Joyce. His ideas were later controversially appropriated by the Nazi regime. Weininger's intellectual legacy and theories on gender and character remain subjects of study and discussion in philosophical and literary circles, underscoring his enduring impact on these fields.

Alice Miller, a Polish-Swiss psychologist, psychoanalyst, and philosopher, gained recognition for her pioneering research on parental child abuse. Her book "The Drama of the Gifted Child," published in 1981, received global acclaim for challenging conventional psychoanalytic methods. Miller's perspectives on child abuse and her divergence from traditional psychoanalysis struck a chord with many, establishing her as a significant figure in the field. As a prominent public intellectual, she initiated crucial dialogues and brought attention to the enduring effects of childhood trauma.