Famous Turkish Leaders

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey. He led the Turkish National Movement during the aftermath of World War I, establishing the Turkish Republic and serving as its first president. Atatürk implemented sweeping progressive reforms to modernize Turkey into a secular, industrializing nation. He introduced political, economic, and cultural reforms such as free and compulsory education, the adoption of a new Turkish alphabet, and granting equal civil and political rights to women. Atatürk's policies and theories, known as Kemalism, aimed to create a unified, secular nation under the Turkish banner.

Osman I, also known as Osman Ghazi, was the founder of the Ottoman Empire. He established a small Turkoman principality that eventually grew into a vast empire after his death. Historical sources from his lifetime are scarce, leading to challenges in distinguishing fact from myth in stories about him. According to Ottoman tradition, Osman's ancestors were from the Kayı tribe of Oghuz Turks, though some scholars consider this a later fabrication. His principality, located in Bithynia, strategically positioned itself to launch attacks on the Byzantine Empire, which his descendants later conquered.

Hayreddin Barbarossa, also known as Hayreddin Pasha or Hızır Reis, was an Ottoman corsair and admiral who played a significant role in securing Ottoman dominance over the Mediterranean during the mid-16th century. Beginning his naval career as a corsair under his brother Oruç Reis, Barbarossa achieved notable victories such as capturing Algiers from Spain, taking the Peñón of Algiers, conquering Tunis, and achieving a decisive victory at Preveza. He was appointed as the grand admiral of the Ottoman Navy and conducted successful joint campaigns with the French before retiring and passing away in 1546.

Osman II, also known as Osman the Young, served as the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from February 26, 1618, until his regicide on May 20, 1622. During his reign, Osman II focused on centralizing power within the empire, implementing military reforms, and expanding Ottoman territories. He faced challenges from the Janissaries, who opposed his policies, leading to his eventual assassination. Osman II's professional life was marked by attempts to strengthen the empire through modernization and expansion, albeit with internal resistance.

Mustafa İsmet İnönü was a prominent Turkish army officer and statesman who served as the second president of Turkey and held the position of prime minister three times. He played a crucial role in the Greco-Turkish War, served as the first chief of the General Staff, and negotiated important treaties such as the Treaty of Lausanne. İnönü continued Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's modernizing reforms and maintained Turkey's armed neutrality during World War II. He also oversaw the transition to a multiparty system in Turkey and led the Republican People's Party for many years.

Enver Pasha was an Ottoman military officer and revolutionary who played a key role in various historical events. He was a prominent leader in the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, which aimed to restore constitutional rule in the Ottoman Empire. As the War Minister and de facto Commander-in-Chief during World War I, he led disastrous military campaigns and was involved in organizing massacres against Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks. Convicted as a war criminal, he fled the Ottoman Empire and later died during the Basmachi Revolt against the Bolsheviks.

Ahmet Kenan Evren was a Turkish military officer and politician who served as the President of Turkey from 1980 to 1989. He rose to power by leading the 1980 military coup, during which he deposed the prime minister and abolished the parliament, senate, and constitution. In 2014, he was sentenced to life imprisonment and demoted from army general to private for his role in obstructing democracy. This sentence was under appeal at the time of his death in 2015.

Ahmet Necdet Sezer was a Turkish statesman and judge who served as the tenth president of Turkey from 2000 to 2007. Prior to his presidency, he held the position of president of the Constitutional Court of Turkey. Sezer was elected president in 2000 following the end of Süleyman Demirel's term. He took a strong secularist stance on issues such as the headscarf, believing that secularism was at risk in Turkey. Sezer clashed with Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit, leading to economic difficulties. He opposed several proposed laws during the AKP's rule, including those related to banking reform and political bans.

Cemal Gürsel was a Turkish military officer and politician who served as the 4th president of Turkey from 1960 to 1966. He rose to power through a coup d'état and played a significant role in Turkish politics during his presidency. Gürsel's professional life was marked by his military background and his leadership in the political arena. He implemented various policies and reforms during his tenure as president, shaping the course of Turkey's governance and society during that period.

Fahri Sabit Korutürk was a distinguished Turkish admiral, diplomat, and politician. He served as the 3rd commander of the Turkish Naval Forces before becoming the 6th president of Turkey from 1973 to 1980. Korutürk also held positions as a member of the Senate of the Republic and Turkey's ambassador to the Soviet Union. Throughout his career, he demonstrated strong leadership and dedication to serving his country in various capacities, leaving a lasting impact on Turkish politics and diplomacy.

Halil Turgut Özal was a prominent Turkish politician, bureaucrat, engineer, and statesman. He served as the 8th President of Turkey from 1989 to 1993, preceded by being the 26th Prime Minister of Turkey from 1983 to 1989. Prior to his political career, he worked briefly at the World Bank and as a university lecturer. Özal played a key role in economic reforms, such as the 24 January decisions, promoting neoliberalism in the Turkish economy. He founded the Motherland Party and focused on economic and foreign policy during his tenure.

Mustafa Bülent Ecevit was a prominent Turkish politician, statesman, poet, writer, scholar, and journalist. He served as Prime Minister of Turkey four times between 1974 and 2002, leading various governments marked by significant political and economic reforms. Ecevit played a key role in introducing social democratic politics to Turkey by blending Kemalism with social democracy, influencing modern Kemalist ideology. His leadership rejuvenated the Republican People's Party (CHP) and later the Democratic Left Party (DSP), leaving a lasting impact on Turkish politics.

Antigonus I Monophthalmus was a Macedonian Greek general and successor of Alexander the Great. He served under Philip II of Macedon and participated in Alexander's invasion of Achaemenid Persia. After Alexander's death, he received territories in Phrygia, Pamphylia, and Lycia. Engaging in conflicts with other Diadochi, he ruled over Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Phoenicia, and northern Mesopotamia. Despite facing opposition from a coalition led by Cassander, Seleucus, Ptolemy, and Lysimachus, Antigonus emerged as a powerful leader until his defeat and death at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC.

Ali Kemal Bey was a prominent Turkish journalist, writer, poet, and liberal politician. He served as Minister of the Interior in the Ottoman Empire under Damat Ferid Pasha's government. Known for his opposition to the Turkish National Movement, he was tragically lynched by paramilitary officers following the Greco-Turkish War. Throughout his career, Ali Kemal Bey made significant contributions to journalism, literature, and politics, leaving a lasting impact on Turkish society.

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was an influential Ottoman statesman who rose through the ranks to become the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. He held various key positions within the imperial system, including commander of the imperial guard, High Admiral of the Fleet, Governor-General of Rumelia, and several vizier roles. He served under three sultans, demonstrating his political acumen and loyalty. Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was known for his strategic appointments and efforts towards reconciliation, such as restoring the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and appointing both Muslim and Christian family members to important positions.

Osman Nuri Pasha, also known as Gazi Osman Pasha, was an esteemed Ottoman field marshal renowned for his military prowess and leadership. He gained widespread respect and accolades for his defense of the town of Plevna against superior forces during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877. His strategic acumen and bravery in holding out for five months before the city fell made him one of the most celebrated Ottoman pashas in history. Numerous songs were composed in his honor, and many places were named after him in recognition of his remarkable military achievements.

Mustafa Fevzi Çakmak was a prominent Turkish field marshal and politician who held various high-ranking positions throughout his career. He served as Chief of General Staff and Minister of War of the Ottoman Empire before joining the Grand National Assembly and holding roles such as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of National Defense. He played a crucial role in the Turkish War of Independence, leading to military successes like the Battle of Sakarya. He continued to serve as Chief of General Staff even after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.

Celâl Bayar was a Turkish economist and politician who served as the third president of Turkey from 1950 to 1960, following his tenure as prime minister from 1937 to 1939. He played a crucial role in establishing Turkey's early financial institutions and promoting liberal economic policies. Bayar was a key figure in the transition to a multiparty system in Turkey, co-founding the Democrat Party in 1946. He was known for advocating the restoration of rights for politicians associated with the Democrat Party after his release from incarceration following the 1960 coup d'état.

Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, later known as Ahmet Tevfik Okday, was a prominent Ottoman statesman of Crimean Tatar origin. He served as the last grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire, holding the office three times during crucial periods in history. In addition to his role as grand vizier, Ahmet Tevfik was a skilled diplomat, a respected member of the Ottoman Senate, and a dedicated Minister of Foreign Affairs. His professional life was marked by his leadership during challenging times and his contributions to Ottoman politics and foreign relations.

Burhan Asaf Belge was a Turkish politician and diplomat known for his contributions to the early periods of the Republic of Turkey. He represented Muğla province in the Turkish National Assembly and was a regular writer for Kadro, a left-wing journal focusing on ideology and economic development. In the 1950s, he started writing for the Democrat Party newspaper Zafer. Belge also served as the Ambassador of Turkey to Budapest.

Timothy was an early Christian evangelist and the first Christian bishop of Ephesus. He traveled with the Apostle Paul as his companion and missionary partner, participating in Paul's second missionary journey. Timothy is believed to have been mentored by Paul and is addressed as the recipient of the First and Second Epistles to Timothy in the New Testament. Although some scholars question the authorship of these epistles, they provide insight into Timothy's role in spreading the Christian faith and serving the early church.

Basiliscus served as a magister militum per Thracias under Emperor Leo I, commanding an unsuccessful invasion of the Vandal Kingdom in 468. Accused of being bribed, he faced criticism for accepting a truce with the Vandals leading to a costly defeat. After Emperor Leo's death, Basiliscus conspired to become emperor, gaining support from various factions. As emperor, he faced opposition due to heavy taxes, heretical policies, and natural disasters. He lost support from his subjects and allies, ultimately being overthrown by Zeno in 476.

Necmettin Erbakan was a Turkish politician, engineer, and academic who served as the Prime Minister of Turkey from 1996 to 1997. He founded the political ideology and movement of Millî Görüş, which emphasizes Turkey's self-reliance while protecting its religious values and fostering closer ties with Muslim nations. Erbakan was a key figure in various Islamic political parties in Turkey from the 1970s to the 2010s, including the National Order Party, the National Salvation Party, the Welfare Party, the Virtue Party, and the Felicity Party.

Ali-Shir Nava'i was a prominent Timurid poet, writer, statesman, linguist, mystic, and painter. He is recognized as the greatest figure in Chagatai literature and a key contributor to early Turkic literature. Nava'i advocated for the superiority of his native Chagatai Turkic language over Persian for literary purposes, as demonstrated in his work "Muhakamat al-Lughatayn." His emphasis on the richness and precision of Turkic vocabulary has left a lasting impact on Turkic literature. His influence is commemorated through numerous monuments and institutions across various countries.

Meral Akşener is a Turkish politician, teacher, historian, and academic known for founding the Good Party. She served as a deputy for the True Path Party and the Nationalist Movement Party, also holding the position of interior minister in a coalition government. Throughout her career, Akşener played a significant role in Turkish politics, including leading opposition within her party and eventually founding the Good Party. She was a key opposition figure, earning the nickname "iron lady" for her strong leadership.

Isaac I Komnenos rose through the ranks as a successful military commander under Emperor Basil II, eventually becoming commander-in-chief of the eastern armies. In 1057, he led a conspiracy against Emperor Michael VI Bringas and was proclaimed emperor. Isaac focused on strengthening the empire by implementing fiscal measures to increase revenue and enhance the effectiveness of the Byzantine army. He successfully maintained the eastern frontier, resolved Hungarian raids, and subdued the Pechenegs. Isaac abdicated the throne due to illness and retired to a monastery, where he passed away in 1060.

Cem Uzan is a Turkish businessman and politician involved in the media and banking industries. He chaired the social liberal Young Party and was part of the Uzan Group, which included television stations and print media. Uzan faced legal issues in the UK, USA, and Turkey for fraud-related offenses. He attempted to purchase units of Trump World Tower but defaulted on the contract. Uzan announced his intention to run for president in the 2023 Turkish election. Despite criticisms, he continues to be active in both business and politics.

Sheikh Bedreddin Mahmud bin Israel bin Abdulaziz was an influential mystic, scholar, theologian, and revolutionary during the Ottoman Empire. He gained recognition for his leadership in a 1416 revolt against the Ottoman state, where he and his followers challenged the authority of Sultan Mehmed I. Sheikh Bedreddin's professional life was marked by his intellectual contributions to mysticism and theology, as well as his active involvement in social and political movements that aimed to bring about change in the existing power structures of the time.

Mahmud Shevket Pasha was an Ottoman military commander and statesman known for his significant role during the Second Constitutional Era. He played a crucial role in the overthrow of Abdul Hamid II during the 31 March Incident and later served as War Minister, leading military reform efforts and establishing Air Divisions. Shevket Pasha also acted as a power broker, balancing various factions within the Young Turks and the army. He became Grand Vizier during the First Balkan War until his assassination in 1913.

Ali Babacan is a Turkish politician, economist, and engineer known for his extensive experience in government roles. He has held various positions such as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Economy, Chief Negotiator for the EU, and Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey. Babacan played a crucial role in steering Turkey's economic reform program, leading to significant improvements in the country's economy. He later founded the Democracy and Progress Party (DEVA) after leaving the AKP due to differences in party direction. Babacan is recognized for his focus on economic reforms and technocratic approach.

Süleyman Demirel was a prominent Turkish politician, engineer, and statesman who served as the 9th President of Turkey from 1993 to 2000. He held the position of Prime Minister of Turkey seven times between 1965 and 1993. Demirel was the leader of the Justice Party (AP) from 1964 to 1980 and the True Path Party (DYP) from 1987 to 1993. He played a significant role in Turkish politics, leading various governments and implementing economic reforms to stabilize inflation.

Leo I the Thracian, also known as "the Great," was Roman emperor of the East from 457 to 474. He was a capable ruler who implemented ambitious political and military strategies aimed at aiding the Western Roman Empire. Notably, he legislated in Koine Greek, a departure from the traditional Late Latin used by Eastern Emperors. Leo's reign lasted nearly 18 years, during which he worked to reclaim lost territories and strengthen the empire. He is honored as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Mehmed Talaat Pasha was an Ottoman Young Turk activist and politician who served as the de facto leader of the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1918. He was chairman of the Union and Progress Party, operating a one-party dictatorship. Talaat played a key role in the Armenian genocide and other ethnic cleansings during his time as Minister of Interior Affairs. He served as Grand Vizier during World War I, negotiating treaties and leading the Ottoman Empire. Convicted as a war criminal, he was later assassinated in Berlin in 1921.

Abdulaziz was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1861 to 1876. His reign began with the empire's resurgence after the Crimean War and Tanzimat reforms. Under the influence of key advisors, Fuad Pasha and Aali Pasha, he oversaw further reorganization including the promulgation of the Vilayet Law and restructuring of the millets. Abdulaziz was the first Ottoman sultan to travel to Western Europe on a diplomatic mission. However, his rule faced challenges including economic crises, diplomatic isolation, and uprisings by Christian minorities, culminating in his deposition in 1876.

Nikephoros II Phokas was the Byzantine emperor from 963 to 969. Although his career faced challenges in statecraft and warfare, he significantly contributed to the revival of the Byzantine Empire in the 10th century. He successfully completed the conquest of Cilicia, regained control over Crete and Cyprus, and extended Byzantine influence into regions like Upper Mesopotamia and the Levant. His military campaigns earned him the nickname "pale death of the Saracens," highlighting his achievements in combating Arab forces in the region.

Şükrü Saracoğlu was a prominent Turkish politician who served as the fifth prime minister of Turkey and Minister of Foreign Affairs during the early stages of World War II. He played a significant role in maintaining Turkey's neutrality in the war by signing the German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship in 1941. Additionally, Saracoğlu was the chairman of the Turkish sports club Fenerbahçe S.K. for 16 years, a position he held concurrently with his tenure as Prime Minister from 1942 to 1946.

Köprülü Mehmed Pasha was a prominent figure in the Ottoman Empire, serving as Grand Vizier and establishing the influential Köprülü political dynasty. Known for his dedication to combating corruption and revitalizing the Ottoman army, he significantly strengthened the empire's power. His strategic military campaigns led to successful expansions of the empire's borders, including victories over the Cossacks, Hungarians, and Venetians. Köprülü's legacy was defined by his effectiveness as a leader and his reputation for bringing about positive change within the empire.

Aristagoras of Miletus was a prominent figure in ancient Greece, serving as the tyrant of Miletus and playing a key role in the Ionian Revolt against the Persian Achaemenid Empire. He collaborated with his father-in-law, Histiaeus, in instigating the revolt, gaining support from various Greek Ionian states. However, the revolt ultimately failed due to lack of full support from mainland Greek states. Aristagoras led colonists to Thrace but was labeled a coward by Herodotus for his actions there. He met his demise during a failed siege in Thracian territory.

Alparslan Türkeş was a Turkish politician known for founding and leading the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and the Grey Wolves. He oversaw the Grey Wolves training camps during the late 1960s and 1970s. Under his leadership, the Grey Wolves were implicated in numerous political murders, with over 600 reported victims between 1968 and 1980. Türkeş represented the far-right of the Turkish political spectrum and was revered by his followers as "Başbuğ" (Leader). His professional life was marked by his significant influence on right-wing politics in Turkey.

Deniz Baykal was a prominent Turkish politician who served in various government positions throughout his career. He was a member of the Republican People's Party (CHP) and held roles such as Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Leader of the Opposition. Baykal first entered Parliament in 1973 and went on to serve in ministerial positions in coalition governments. He played a significant role in the re-establishment of the CHP in 1992 and led the party through several general elections, experiencing both successes and defeats.

Mehmet Fuat Köprülü was a highly influential Turkish sociologist, Turkologist, scholar, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey. He played a significant role in the intersection of scholarship and politics in early 20th-century Turkey. As a descendant of the prominent Köprülü family, he made notable contributions to academia and government. Köprülü's professional life was characterized by his expertise in various fields, his leadership roles in government, and his lasting impact on Turkish intellectual and political spheres.

Hakan Fidan is a prominent Turkish politician who has held significant positions in the government. He served as the director of the National Intelligence Organization (MİT) for over a decade before being appointed as the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Fidan is highly regarded for his leadership and strategic capabilities, with many considering him a potential successor to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as the leader of the Justice and Development Party and the President of Turkey. His extensive experience in intelligence and foreign affairs has shaped his reputation as a key figure in Turkish politics.

Ahmed Djemal Pasha, also known as Djemal Pasha, was an Ottoman military leader and one of the Three Pashas that ruled the Ottoman Empire during World War I. He developed political sympathies for the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) reformers and served in Salonica during the Balkan Wars. Djemal was given military command of Constantinople after the Raid on the Sublime Porte. His authoritarian rule in Syria and controversial role in the Armenian genocide, favoring forced assimilation, characterized his professional life.

İbrahim Kaypakkaya was a Turkish Maoist known for founding the Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist-Leninist (TKP/ML). He is celebrated for his role as a symbol of resistance and for synthesizing the ideas of prominent figures in Marxism–Leninism–Maoism. Kaypakkaya's professional life was marked by his activism and leadership within the communist movement in Turkey. He engaged in armed struggles against the Turkish military, which ultimately led to his capture and subsequent execution in 1973. His legacy continues to inspire and influence activists and thinkers today.

Cevdet Sunay was a Turkish politician and army officer who served as the fifth President of Turkey from 1966 to 1973. He played a significant role in Turkish politics and military affairs, holding various leadership positions throughout his career. Sunay's leadership during his presidency focused on promoting stability and economic development in Turkey. He was known for his strong commitment to upholding the principles of democracy and maintaining national unity. His professional life was marked by dedicated service to his country and its people.

Gelimer was the last Germanic ruler of the Vandals and Alans, reigning from 530 to 534. He faced internal strife due to religious differences, leading to conflict with the Eastern Roman Empire under Justinian I. After initial defeats, Gelimer fought fiercely but was ultimately defeated by the Byzantine general Belisarius. Gelimer surrendered in 534 and lived out his days in Galatia. His surrender marked the end of Vandal rule in North Africa, and he became known for his poignant reflection on the fleeting nature of power and glory.

Nubar Pasha was an influential Egyptian-Armenian politician who made significant contributions to the governance of Egypt. He served as the country's first Prime Minister, holding the office three times during his career. His terms in office spanned from 1878 to 1879, 1884 to 1888, and 1894 to 1895. Nubar Pasha's leadership and political acumen were evident in his multiple tenures as Prime Minister, where he navigated complex political landscapes and worked towards the betterment of Egypt.

Abdullah Gül is a Turkish politician who served as the 11th president of Turkey from 2007 to 2014. He also served as Prime Minister for four months in 2002-2003 and held the positions of Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister from 2003 to 2007. Gül has been a Member of Parliament for Kayseri since 1991, initially with the Islamist Welfare Party and later with the Virtue Party. He co-founded the Justice and Development Party (AKP) with Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in 2001 and has been involved in various controversial laws and political situations during his tenure.

Édouard Balladur is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 1993 to 1995 under President François Mitterrand. He also ran for president in the 1995 French presidential election, finishing third. Balladur's political career has been marked by his tenure as Prime Minister, where he implemented various economic reforms. Despite his unsuccessful presidential bid, Balladur remains a prominent figure in French politics known for his contributions to public service and policy-making.

Canan Kaftancıoğlu is a Turkish physician and politician known for her role as the president of the Republican People's Party (CHP) in Istanbul. She gained attention for her outspoken views, leading to legal challenges by the Turkish government. Despite facing imprisonment for charges related to insulting the president and terrorism, her sentence was later reduced. Kaftancıoğlu's activism and defiance during her trial, including reciting a poem by Nâzım Hikmet, reflect her commitment to political engagement and standing up for her beliefs.

Nicetas Choniates was a Byzantine Greek historian and politician with a significant contribution to the historical record of the Eastern Roman Empire. He wrote a detailed history covering the period from 1118 to 1207, providing valuable insights into the political and social developments of the time. His professional life was characterized by his scholarly pursuits and involvement in political affairs, reflecting his dedication to preserving and documenting the history of the Byzantine Empire.

Yıldırım Akbulut was a Turkish politician and lawyer who played a prominent role in Turkish politics. He was a founding member of the Motherland Party and served as the Minister of the Interior under Prime Minister Turgut Özal. Akbulut later became the Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and subsequently the Prime Minister of Turkey. He was known for his close association with Özal and was regarded as a 'political puppet'. Akbulut's political career spanned several key positions in the Turkish government until his death in 2021.

Deniz Gezmiş was a Turkish Marxist-Leninist revolutionary, student leader, and political activist in Turkey during the late 1960s. He played a significant role as one of the founding members of the People's Liberation Army of Turkey (THKO). Gezmiş was known for his dedication to leftist ideologies and his involvement in various revolutionary activities aimed at challenging the existing political system in Turkey. Considered by some as "Turkey's Che Guevara and compañeros," he left a lasting impact on the country's political landscape through his activism and leadership.

Mehmed Fuad Pasha, also known as Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha, was a prominent Ottoman administrator and statesman. He played a key role in the mid-19th-century Tanzimat reforms of the Ottoman Empire and led during the 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war. Serving as Grand Vizier twice, he supported European-style modernization and reforms, including advocating for a French-inspired civil code for civil courts. Fuad Pasha fiercely defended the empire's absolute monarchy and opposed constitutional limitations, often conflicting with liberal intellectuals.

Markos Vafeiadis was a prominent member of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) who played a significant role during the Greek Resistance and the Greek Civil War. He was known for his leadership within the party and his dedication to the communist cause. Vafeiadis was actively involved in political activities and organizing resistance against the German occupation during World War II. He continued to be a key figure in the KKE's efforts during the Greek Civil War, advocating for communist ideals and principles.

Romanos I Lekapenos served as the Byzantine emperor from 920 to 944. He initially acted as a regent for Constantine VII and later became his senior co-ruler. During his rule, Romanos faced various challenges, including conflicts with the powerful Byzantine nobility and military threats from neighboring regions. He implemented administrative reforms and military campaigns to strengthen the empire's position. Despite his successes, Romanos was eventually deposed in 944, marking the end of his professional career as emperor.

Tansu Çiller is a Turkish academic, economist, and politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Turkey from 1993 to 1996. She was Turkey's first and only female prime minister. As the leader of the True Path Party, she also served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. Çiller enacted national defense reforms, fought against the PKK as a terrorist organization, and signed the EU-Turkey Customs Union. Her tenure was marked by economic challenges, alleged involvement in the Azeri coup attempt, and tensions with Greece.

Adnan Menderes was a prominent Turkish politician who served as Prime Minister of Turkey from 1950 to 1960. He played a significant role in founding the Democrat Party in 1946, which became the fourth legal opposition party in Turkey. Menderes faced a controversial end as he was tried and ultimately hanged following the 1960 coup d'état by the military junta. Accusations included his alleged involvement in the Istanbul pogrom against citizens of Greek ethnicity. He is remembered as the last Turkish political leader to be executed after a coup, with a mausoleum built in his honor.

Kenan Sofuoğlu is a renowned Turkish parliamentarian and former professional motorcycle racer who achieved great success in the world of motorsports. With a record five Supersport World Championship titles under his belt, he has left a lasting legacy in the sport. Throughout his career, Sofuoğlu competed in various prestigious championships such as the Superbike World Championship and the Moto2 World Championship. His remarkable achievements and numerous records in the Supersport class solidify his status as one of the most successful riders in the history of the sport.

Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha was an Ottoman nobleman and statesman. He was a member of the prominent Köprülü family of Albanian heritage, known for producing six grand viziers in the Ottoman Empire. Fazıl Ahmed Pasha had a successful professional career, serving in various high-ranking government positions, including as Grand Vizier. He was recognized for his leadership, administrative skills, and contributions to the empire during his time in office. His legacy as a statesman and his impact on Ottoman politics are notable aspects of his professional life.

Aytaç Yalman was a distinguished Turkish general who served in various high-ranking positions within the Turkish military. He began his career in an Artillery unit and later commanded MGR-1 Honest John Ballistic Missile units. Yalman served as a Gun Position Officer and Fire Direction Officer before commanding an Infantry Division and eventually being promoted to General. He played a crucial role in informing military officials about the Ergenekon group's membership and preventing a coup plan in 2003. Yalman also wrote the libretto for an oratorio and passed away in 2020 due to complications from COVID-19.

Şükrü Kaya was a Turkish civil servant and politician who held various government positions, including Minister of Interior and Minister of Foreign Affairs in several cabinets. He played a significant role in the Armenian genocide, overseeing the deportations and concentration camps of Armenian deportees during World War I. Kaya later worked for the Turkish national movement and joined the Turkish War of Independence. He was involved in various reforms, such as the Reform Council for the Reform of the East and the outlines of Turkification. Kaya passed away in Istanbul in 1959.

Mehmet Ali Talat is a Turkish Cypriot politician who served as the president of Northern Cyprus from 2005 to 2010. He was also the leader of the Republican Turkish Party from 1996 to 2005 and again from 2015 to 2016. Talat became prime minister in 2004 before winning the presidential election in 2005. He succeeded Rauf Denktaş as president but was defeated in the 2010 election. Talat's political career has been marked by leadership roles within his party and the Northern Cypriot government.

Ali Hüsrev Bozer was a prominent Turkish politician and academic specializing in commercial law. He served as a deputy prime minister and minister of foreign affairs in various cabinets. Bozer was a member of the Nationalist Democracy Party and later the Motherland Party. He played a key role in founding Oyak-Renault, an automotive company in Turkey, and served as its chairman. Bozer made significant contributions to the political and business landscape of Turkey throughout his career.

Deiotarus of Galatia was a skilled Chief Tetrarch and King of Galatia, known for his adept leadership of the Celtic tribes in western Galatia. He ruled from his stronghold in Blucium, demonstrating strategic prowess and diplomatic finesse in his governance. Deiotarus was considered one of the most capable Celtic kings, with a reputation for effectively managing the three tribes under his rule. His name, translated as "Divine-bull," reflects his strong and authoritative presence in Galatia.

Ahmed Shefik Midhat Pasha was an influential Ottoman politician, reformist, and statesman who played a key role in the political landscape of the Ottoman Empire. He served as grand vizier and co-founded the Ottoman Parliament during the First Constitutional Era. Midhat was known for his advocacy of reform, his role as a kingmaker, and his commitment to democratization. He was a prominent figure in the governing elite that recognized the urgent need for reforms in the Empire. His contributions to the political and constitutional development of the Ottoman Empire were significant.

Ferit Sadi Melen was a Turkish civil servant, politician, and Prime Minister of Turkey. He began his career in the state service, gaining experience in finance through an internship in Paris. Melen later worked as an inspector in the Ministry of Finance, eventually becoming a general director. He entered politics as a deputy for the Republican People's Party and later served as Minister of Finance and Minister of National Defense. Melen co-founded the Republican Reliance Party and also served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.

Staurakios was a Byzantine Greek eunuch official who served as a key figure in the court of Empress Irene of Athens. He acted as chief minister during her regency for her son, Emperor Constantine VI, until being overthrown in a military revolt. Restored to power in 792, Staurakios played a role in the removal of Constantine VI. His position was later threatened by a rival eunuch, Aetios, due to their rivalry and Staurakios's own imperial ambitions.

Ragıp Gümüşpala was a prominent figure in Turkish military and political history. Serving as the 11th Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces, he played a key role in shaping the country's defense strategies. Additionally, Gümüşpala founded the Justice Party in 1961, further demonstrating his influence in the political arena. His leadership and contributions left a lasting impact on Turkey's military and political landscape. Tragically, his life was cut short when he passed away in Istanbul in 1964.

Pervin Buldan is a prominent Turkish politician who has held various leadership positions throughout her career. She was a member of the Democratic Society Party (DTP) and served as the President of Yakay-Der. In addition, she was one of the deputy speakers in the 26th Parliament of Turkey. Notably, on 11 February 2018, she was elected as the co-leader of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) during the party's 3rd ordinary congress. Throughout her professional life, Buldan has been dedicated to advocating for social and political change in Turkey.

Augustus Charles Hobart-Hampden began his professional career in the Royal Navy in 1835, serving as a midshipman and displaying gallantry in operations against the slave trade. He passed his examinations at Dartmouth Naval College in 1842 and later participated in the Baltic Expedition. Hobart-Hampden retired from the navy as a Captain in 1862 but continued his adventurous spirit by commanding a blockade runner during the American Civil War. He later became an admiral in the Ottoman Navy, playing a key role in suppressing insurrections and holding high offices until his death in 1886.

İsmail Cem İpekçi was a prominent figure in Turkish politics and journalism. He held key positions in the Turkish government, serving as the Minister of Culture and later as the Minister of Foreign Affairs. İpekçi was known for his center-leftist views, intellectual insights, and contributions as a writer and author. His professional life was marked by a commitment to diplomacy and cultural exchange, making significant impacts in both domestic and international arenas. His legacy continues to inspire those in the fields of politics and journalism.

Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar was a diverse professional, starting his career as a civil servant before transitioning into writing fiction and journalism. His early passion for writing led him to become a prominent figure in Turkish literature. Gürpınar's literary works showcased his talent and creativity, earning him recognition and respect among his peers. Alongside his writing career, he also delved into politics and served as a member of the parliament during the initial years of the Turkish Republic.

İsmail Nihat Erim was a prominent Turkish politician and jurist known for his significant contributions to public service. He held the position of the 13th Prime Minister of Turkey following the 1971 Turkish military memorandum, serving for nearly 14 months. Throughout his career, Erim was dedicated to upholding legal principles and promoting political stability in his country. Sadly, his life was tragically cut short when he was assassinated in Istanbul by the Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front in 1980.

Leyla Zana is a Kurdish politician known for her activism in advocating for the rights of the Kurdish people in Turkey and neighboring countries. She gained international recognition for her efforts, being awarded prestigious prizes such as the Sakharov Prize in 1995 and the Rafto Prize in 1994. Zana's dedication to peaceful struggle for human rights led to her imprisonment for ten years on charges of threatening the unity of the country. Her release in 2004 allowed her to finally collect the Sakharov Prize.